Apparatus, system and method of communicating a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU)

ABSTRACT

Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, devices, systems and methods of communicating a Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU). For example, an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA) may be configured to encode a Physical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) of at least one user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) according to an EDMG Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) encoding scheme, which is based at least on a count of one or more spatial streams for transmission to the user; and transmit the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of and priority from US Provisionalpatent Application No. 62/524,633 entitled “Apparatus, System and Methodof Communicating a Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)”, filed Jun.26, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/524,761 entitled“Apparatus, System and Method of Communicating a Physical Layer ProtocolData Unit (PPDU)”, filed Jun. 26, 2017, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/527,754 entitled “ENHANCED ENCODING FOR WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS”, filed Jun. 30, 2017, the entire disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein generally relate to communicating aPhysical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU).

BACKGROUND

A wireless communication network in a millimeter-wave band may providehigh-speed data access for users of wireless communication devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in thefigures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to otherelements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numeralsmay be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogouselements. The figures are listed below.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustration of a system, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (EDMG) Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) format,which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a PPDU transmission to a user, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a PPDU transmission to a pluralityof users, to illustrate one or more technical aspects, which may beaddressed, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method ofcommunicating a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method ofcommunicating a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a product of manufacture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments.However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the artthat some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, unitsand/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscurethe discussion.

Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing”,“computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “establishing”, “analyzing”,“checking”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) ofa computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or otherelectronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform datarepresented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within thecomputer's registers and/or memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computer's registersand/or memories or other information storage medium that may storeinstructions to perform operations and/or processes.

The terms “plurality” and “a plurality”, as used herein, include, forexample, “multiple” or “two or more”. For example, “a plurality ofitems” includes two or more items.

References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “demonstrativeembodiment”, “various embodiments” etc., indicate that the embodiment(s)so described may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes theparticular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated useof the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment, although it may.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinaladjectives “first”, “second”, “third” etc., to describe a common object,merely indicate that different instances of like objects are beingreferred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so describedmust be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking,or in any other manner.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices andsystems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile Device (MD), awireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, amobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, awearable device, a sensor device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, aPersonal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, anon-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehiculardevice, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumerdevice, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communicationstation, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP),a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device,an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wirelessnetwork, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN),a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Personal AreaNetwork (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networksoperating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (includingIEEE 802.11-2016 (IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE Standard for Informationtechnology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systemsLocal and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications, Dec. 7, 2016); and/or IEEE 802.11ay (P802.11ay/D1.0Draft Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications andInformation Exchange Between Systems—Local and Metropolitan AreaNetworks—Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 7:Enhanced Throughput for Operation in License Exempt Bands Above 45 GHz,November, 2017)) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof,devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing WFAPeer-to-Peer (P2P) specifications (WiFi P2P technical specification,version 1.7, Jul. 6, 2016) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingWireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (including WirelessGigabit Alliance, Inc WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingcellular specifications and/or protocols, e.g., 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or futureversions and/or derivatives thereof, units and/or devices which are partof the above networks, and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-wayradio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communicationsystems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, aPersonal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device whichincorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableGlobal Positioning System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates aGPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFIDelement or chip, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver ordevice, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, aMultiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a devicehaving one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, DigitalVideo Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devicesor systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a Smartphone, aWireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, RadioFrequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM),Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access(OFDMA), FDM Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division MultipleAccess (TDMA), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division MultipleAccess (SDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service(GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), WidebandCDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®,Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee™, Ultra-Wideband(UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G,4G, Fifth Generation (5G), or Sixth Generation (6G) mobile networks,3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates forGSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used invarious other devices, systems and/or networks.

The term “wireless device”, as used herein, includes, for example, adevice capable of wireless communication, a communication device capableof wireless communication, a communication station capable of wirelesscommunication, a portable or non-portable device capable of wirelesscommunication, or the like. In some demonstrative embodiments, awireless device may be or may include a peripheral that is integratedwith a computer, or a peripheral that is attached to a computer. In somedemonstrative embodiments, the term “wireless device” may optionallyinclude a wireless service.

The term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a communicationsignal includes transmitting the communication signal and/or receivingthe communication signal. For example, a communication unit, which iscapable of communicating a communication signal, may include atransmitter to transmit the communication signal to at least one othercommunication unit, and/or a communication receiver to receive thecommunication signal from at least one other communication unit. Theverb communicating may be used to refer to the action of transmitting orthe action of receiving. In one example, the phrase “communicating asignal” may refer to the action of transmitting the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of receiving thesignal by a second device. In another example, the phrase “communicatinga signal” may refer to the action of receiving the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of transmitting thesignal by a second device. The communication signal may be transmittedand/or received, for example, in the form of Radio Frequency (RF)communication signals, and/or any other type of signal.

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, orinclude, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), anintegrated circuit, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared,dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), thatexecute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logiccircuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide thedescribed functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may beimplemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may beimplemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In someembodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable inhardware.

The term “logic” may refer, for example, to computing logic embedded incircuitry of a computing apparatus and/or computing logic stored in amemory of a computing apparatus. For example, the logic may beaccessible by a processor of the computing apparatus to execute thecomputing logic to perform computing functions and/or operations. In oneexample, logic may be embedded in various types of memory and/orfirmware, e.g., silicon blocks of various chips and/or processors. Logicmay be included in, and/or implemented as part of, various circuitry,e.g., radio circuitry, receiver circuitry, control circuitry,transmitter circuitry, transceiver circuitry, processor circuitry,and/or the like. In one example, logic may be embedded in volatilememory and/or non-volatile memory, including random access memory, readonly memory, programmable memory, magnetic memory, flash memory,persistent memory, and the like. Logic may be executed by one or moreprocessors using memory, e.g., registers, stuck, buffers, and/or thelike, coupled to the one or more processors, e.g., as necessary toexecute the logic.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a WLAN,e.g., a WiFi network. Other embodiments may be used in conjunction withany other suitable wireless communication network, for example, awireless area network, a “piconet”, a WPAN, a WVAN and the like.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with awireless communication network communicating over a frequency band above45 Gigahertz (GHz), e.g., 60 GHz. However, other embodiments may beimplemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communicationfrequency bands, for example, an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band(the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), e.g., a frequency bandwithin the frequency band of between 20 Ghz and 300 GHz, a frequencyband above 45 GHz, a 5G frequency band, a frequency band below 20 GHz,e.g., a Sub 1 GHz (S1G) band, a 2.4 GHz band, a 5 GHz band, a WLANfrequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to theWGA specification, and the like.

The term “antenna”, as used herein, may include any suitableconfiguration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antennaelements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. In someembodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. Insome embodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements. The antenna may include, for example, a phased array antenna,a single element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or thelike.

The phrases “directional multi-gigabit (DMG)” and “directional band”(DBand), as used herein, may relate to a frequency band wherein theChannel starting frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMGcommunications may involve one or more directional links to communicateat a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1Gigabit per second, e.g., at least 7 Gigabit per second, at least 30Gigabit per second, or any other rate.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented by a DMG STA (alsoreferred to as a “mmWave STA (mSTA)”), which may include for example, aSTA having a radio transmitter, which is capable of operating on achannel that is within the DMG band. The DMG STA may perform otheradditional or alternative functionality. Other embodiments may beimplemented by any other apparatus, device and/or station.

Reference is made to FIG. 1 , which schematically illustrates a system100, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, system 100 mayinclude one or more wireless communication devices. For example, system100 may include a wireless communication device 102, a wirelesscommunication device 140, and/or one more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include amobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static, device.

For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, for example, a UE, anMD, a STA, an AP, a PC, a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptopcomputer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, an Internet of Things(IoT) device, a sensor device, a handheld device, a wearable device, aPDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-boarddevice, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalitieswith PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device,a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile ornon-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device,a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, amobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively smallcomputing device, a non-desktop computer, a “Carry Small Live Large”(CSLL) device, an Ultra Mobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC),a Mobile Internet Device (MID), an “Origami” device or computing device,a device that supports Dynamically Composable Computing (DCC), acontext-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, aSet-Top-Box (STB), a Blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a DigitalVideo Disc (DVD) player, a High Definition (HD) DVD player, a DVDrecorder, a HD DVD recorder, a Personal Video Recorder (PVR), abroadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, anaudio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat paneldisplay, a Personal Media Player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), adigital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier,a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a Digital Still camera(DSC), a media player, a Smartphone, a television, a music player, orthe like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, for example,one or more of a processor 191, an input unit 192, an output unit 193, amemory unit 194, and/or a storage unit 195; and/or device 140 mayinclude, for example, one or more of a processor 181, an input unit 182,an output unit 183, a memory unit 184, and/or a storage unit 185.Devices 102 and/or 140 may optionally include other suitable hardwarecomponents and/or software components. In some demonstrativeembodiments, some or all of the components of one or more of devices 102and/or 140 may be enclosed in a common housing or packaging, and may beinterconnected or operably associated using one or more wired orwireless links. In other embodiments, components of one or more ofdevices 102 and/or 140 may be distributed among multiple or separatedevices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processor 191 and/or processor 181may include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), one or more processor cores, a single-coreprocessor, a dual-core processor, a multiple-core processor, amicroprocessor, a host processor, a controller, a plurality ofprocessors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits,circuitry, a logic unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), anApplication-Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose orspecific processor or controller. Processor 191 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 102and/or of one or more suitable applications. Processor 181 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 140and/or of one or more suitable applications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, input unit 192 and/or input unit 182may include, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch-screen,a touch-pad, a track-ball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitablepointing device or input device. Output unit 193 and/or output unit 183may include, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch-screen, a flatpanel display, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) display unit, a LiquidCrystal Display (LCD) display unit, a plasma display unit, one or moreaudio speakers or earphones, or other suitable output devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, memory unit 194 and/or memory unit184 includes, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read OnlyMemory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a flashmemory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, abuffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or othersuitable memory units. Storage unit 195 and/or storage unit 185 mayinclude, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CompactDisk (CD) drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitableremovable or non-removable storage units. Memory unit 194 and/or storageunit 195, for example, may store data processed by device 102. Memoryunit 184 and/or storage unit 185, for example, may store data processedby device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102and/or 140 may be capable of communicating content, data, informationand/or signals via a wireless medium (WM) 103. In some demonstrativeembodiments, wireless medium 103 may include, for example, a radiochannel, a cellular channel, an RF channel, a WiFi channel, a 5Gchannel, an IR channel, a Bluetooth (BT) channel, a Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS) Channel, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or moredirectional bands and/or channels. For example, WM 103 may include oneor more millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication bands and/orchannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more DMGchannels. In other embodiments WM 103 may include any other directionalchannels.

In other embodiments, WM 103 may include any other type of channel overany other frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude one or more radios including circuitry and/or logic to performwireless communication between devices 102, 140 and/or one or more otherwireless communication devices. For example, device 102 may include atleast one radio 114, and/or device 140 may include at least one radio144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless receivers (Rx) including circuitry and/orlogic to receive wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames,blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/ordata. For example, radio 114 may include at least one receiver 116,and/or radio 144 may include at least one receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless transmitters (Tx) including circuitryand/or logic to transmit wireless communication signals, RF signals,frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items,and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one transmitter118, and/or radio 144 may include at least one transmitter 148.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144,transmitters 118 and/or 148, and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 may includecircuitry; logic; Radio Frequency (RF) elements, circuitry and/or logic;baseband elements, circuitry and/or logic; modulation elements,circuitry and/or logic; demodulation elements, circuitry and/or logic;amplifiers; analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters;filters; and/or the like. For example, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude or may be implemented as part of a wireless Network InterfaceCard (NIC), and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may beconfigured to communicate over a directional band, for example, anmmWave band, a 5G band, and/or any other band, for example, a 2.4 GHzband, a 5 GHz band, a S1G band, and/or any other band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include, ormay be associated with one or more, e.g., a plurality of, directionalantennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 107, and/or device 140 mayinclude on or more, e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 147.

Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any type of antennas suitable fortransmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks,frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. Forexample, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any suitable configuration,structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements,components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas 107 and/or 147 mayinclude, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication,e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147may include a phased array antenna, a multiple element antenna, a set ofswitched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functionalities usingseparate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments,antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includedirectional antennas, which may be steered to one or more beamdirections. For example, antennas 107 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 135, and/or antennas 147 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 145.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includeand/or may be implemented as part of a single Phased Antenna Array(PAA).

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may beimplemented as part of a plurality of PAAs, for example, as a pluralityof physically independent PAAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PAA may include, for example, arectangular geometry, e.g., including an integer number, denoted M, ofrows, and an integer number, denoted N, of columns. In otherembodiments, any other types of antennas and/or antenna arrays may beused.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or antennas 147 maybe connected to, and/or associated with, one or more Radio Frequency(RF) chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 109 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 107.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 109 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 114, e.g., as part of transmitter 118 and/or receiver 116.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 149 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 147.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 149 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 144, e.g., as part of transmitter 148 and/or receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a controller124, and/or device 140 may include a controller 154. Controller 124 maybe configured to perform and/or to trigger, cause, instruct and/orcontrol device 102 to perform, one or more communications, to generateand/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or toperform one or more functionalities, operations and/or proceduresbetween devices 102, 140 and/or one or more other devices; and/orcontroller 154 may be configured to perform, and/or to trigger, cause,instruct and/or control device 140 to perform, one or morecommunications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messagesand/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functionalities,operations and/or procedures between devices 102, 140 and/or one or moreother devices, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controllers 124 and/or 154 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC)circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic,baseband (BB) circuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory,Application Processor (AP) circuitry and/or logic, an AP processor, anAP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured toperform the functionality of controllers 124 and/or 154, respectively.Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities ofcontrollers 124 and/or 154 may be implemented by logic, which may beexecuted by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, controller 124 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 102,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device102, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller124 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In one example, controller 154 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 140,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device140, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller154 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a messageprocessor 128 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 102.

In one example, message processor 128 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 102, and/or messageprocessor 128 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 102, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 128 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),for example, by processing the message generated by the at least onefirst component, e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the messageand/or performing any other additional or alternative processing of themessage; and/or at least one third component configured to causetransmission of the message over a wireless communication medium, e.g.,over a wireless communication channel in a wireless communicationfrequency band, for example, by applying to one or more fields of thePPDU one or more transmit waveforms. In other embodiments, messageprocessor 128 may be configured to perform any other additional oralternative functionality and/or may include any other additional oralternative components to generate and/or process a message to betransmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include a messageprocessor 158 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 140.

In one example, message processor 158 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 140, and/or messageprocessor 158 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 140, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 158 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY PPDU, for example, byprocessing the message generated by the at least one first component,e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the message and/or performingany other additional or alternative processing of the message; and/or atleast one third component configured to cause transmission of themessage over a wireless communication medium, e.g., over a wirelesscommunication channel in a wireless communication frequency band, forexample, by applying to one or more fields of the PPDU one or moretransmit waveforms. In other embodiments, message processor 158 may beconfigured to perform any other additional or alternative functionalityand/or may include any other additional or alternative components togenerate and/or process a message to be transmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, message processors 128 and/or 158 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, MAC circuitry and/or logic, PHYcircuitry and/or logic, BB circuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BBmemory, AP circuitry and/or logic, an AP processor, an AP memory, and/orany other circuitry and/or logic, configured to perform thefunctionality of message processors 128 and/or 158, respectively.Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities of messageprocessors 128 and/or 158 may be implemented by logic, which may beexecuted by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of radio 114, and/or atleast part of the functionality of message processor 158 may beimplemented as part of radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of controller 124,and/or at least part of the functionality of message processor 158 maybe implemented as part of controller 154.

In other embodiments, the functionality of message processor 128 may beimplemented as part of any other element of device 102, and/or thefunctionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of anyother element of device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 124 and/or message processor 128 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 114. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 124, one or more elements of messageprocessor 128, and/or one or more elements of radio 114. In one example,controller 124, message processor 128, and radio 114 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 124, message processor 128 and/or radio114 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 154 and/or message processor 158 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 144. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 154, one or more elements of messageprocessor 158, and/or one or more elements of radio 144. In one example,controller 154, message processor 158, and radio 144 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 154, message processor 158 and/or radio144 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, one or more STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude at least one STA, and/or device 140 may include at least oneSTA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, one or more DMG STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA, and/or device 140 may include,operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA.

In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, anyother wireless device and/or station, e.g., a WLAN STA, a WiFi STA, andthe like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, an access point (AP), e.g., a DMG AP, and/or apersonal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP), e.g., a DMG PCP,for example, an AP/PCP STA, e.g., a DMG AP/PCP STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one ormore functionalities of, a non-AP STA, e.g., a DMG non-AP STA, and/or anon-PCP STA, e.g., a DMG non-PCP STA, for example, a non-AP/PCP STA,e.g., a DMG non-AP/PCP STA.

In other embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, anyother additional or alternative device and/or station.

In one example, a station (STA) may include a logical entity that is asingly addressable instance of a MAC and PHY interface to the wirelessmedium (WM). The STA may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, an AP may include an entity that contains a station(STA), e.g., one STA, and provides access to distribution services, viathe wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs. The AP may perform anyother additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP)may include an entity that contains a STA, e.g., one station (STA), andcoordinates access to the wireless medium (WM) by STAs that are membersof a PBSS. The PCP may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a PBSS may include a directional multi-gigabit (DMG)basic service set (BSS) that includes, for example, one PBSS controlpoint (PCP). For example, access to a distribution system (DS) may notbe present, but, for example, an intra-PBSS forwarding service mayoptionally be present.

In one example, a PCP/AP STA may include a station (STA) that is atleast one of a PCP or an AP. The PCP/AP STA may perform any otheradditional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a non-AP STA may include a STA that is not containedwithin an AP. The non-AP STA may perform any other additional oralternative functionality.

In one example, a non-PCP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP. Thenon-PCP STA may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a non PCP/AP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP andthat is not an AP. The non-PCP/AP STA may perform any other additionalor alternative functionality.

In some demonstrative embodiments devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over a Next Generation 60 GHz (NG60) network,an Enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example,devices 102 and/or 140 may perform Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)communication, for example, for communicating over the NG60 and/or EDMGnetworks, e.g., over an NG60 or an EDMG frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to operate in accordance with one or more Specifications, forexample, including one or more IEEE 802.11 Specifications, e.g., an IEEE802.11-2016 Specification, an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, and/or anyother specification and/or protocol.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, as partof a new standard in an mmWave band, e.g., a 60 GHz frequency band orany other directional band, for example, as an evolution of an IEEE802.11-2016 Specification and/or an IEEE 802.11ad Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured according to one or more standards, for example, inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standard, which may be, for example,configured to enhance the efficiency and/or performance of an IEEE802.11ad Specification, which may be configured to provide Wi-Ficonnectivity in a 60 GHz band.

Some demonstrative embodiments may enable, for example, to significantlyincrease the data transmission rates defined in the IEEE 802.11adSpecification, for example, from 7 Gigabit per second (Gbps), e.g., upto 30 Gbps, or to any other data rate, which may, for example, satisfygrowing demand in network capacity for new coming applications.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, to allowincreasing a transmission data rate, for example, by applying MIMOand/or channel bonding techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate MIMO communications over the mmWave wirelesscommunication band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to support one or more mechanisms and/or features, forexample, channel bonding, Single User (SU) MIMO, and/or Multi-User (MU)MIMO, for example, in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standard and/orany other standard and/or protocol.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionalityof, one or more EDMG STAs. For example, device 102 may include, operateas, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionality of, at least oneEDMG STA, and/or device 140 may include, operate as, perform a role of,and/or perform the functionality of, at least one EDMG STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementa communication scheme, which may include PHY and/or MAC layer schemes,for example, to support one or more applications, and/or increasedtransmission data rates, e.g., data rates of up to 30 Gbps, or any otherdata rate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PHY and/or MAC layer schemes maybe configured to support frequency channel bonding over an mmWave band,e.g., over a 60 GHz band, SU MIMO techniques, and/or MU MIMO techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may be configuredto enable SU and/or MU communication of Downlink (DL) and/or Uplinkframes (UL) using a MIMO scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more MU communication mechanisms. Forexample, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one ormore MU mechanisms, which may be configured to enable MU communicationof DL frames using a MIMO scheme, for example, between a device, e.g.,device 102, and a plurality of devices, e.g., including device 140and/or one or more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over an NG60 network, an EDMG network, and/orany other network and/or any other frequency band. For example, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate DL MIMO transmissionsand/or UL MIMO transmissions, for example, for communicating over theNG60 and/or EDMG networks.

Some wireless communication Specifications, for example, the IEEE802.11ad-2012 Specification, may be configured to support a SU system,in which a STA may transmit frames to a single STA at a time. SuchSpecifications may not be able, for example, to support a STAtransmitting to multiple STAs simultaneously, for example, using aMU-MIMO scheme, e.g., a DL MU-MIMO, or any other MU scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over a channel bandwidth, e.g., of at least2.16 GHz, in a frequency band above 45 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may, for example,enable to extend a single-channel BW scheme, e.g., a scheme inaccordance with the IEEE 802.11ad Specification or any other scheme, forhigher data rates and/or increased capabilities, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, the single-channel BW scheme may include communicationover a 2.16 GHz channel (also referred to as a “single-channel” or a“DMG channel”).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support communication over a channel BW (also referredto as a “wide channel”, an “EDMG channel”, or a “bonded channel”)including two or more channels, e.g., two or more 2.16 GHz channels,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel bonding mechanisms mayinclude, for example, a mechanism and/or an operation whereby two ormore channels, e.g., 2.16 GHz channels, can be combined, e.g., for ahigher bandwidth of packet transmission, for example, to enableachieving higher data rates, e.g., when compared to transmissions over asingle channel. Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein withrespect to communication over a channel BW including two or more 2.16GHz channels, however other embodiments may be implemented with respectto communications over a channel bandwidth, e.g., a “wide” channel,including or formed by any other number of two or more channels, forexample, an aggregated channel including an aggregation of two or morechannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support an increased channel bandwidth, for example, achannel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, and/or any other additional or alternative channel BW, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support an increased channel bandwidth, for example, achannel BW of 4.32 GHz, e.g., including two 2.16 Ghz channels accordingto a channel bonding factor of two, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, e.g.,including three 2.16 Ghz channels according to a channel bonding factorof three, a channel BW of 8.64 GHz, e.g., including four 2.16 Ghzchannels according to a channel bonding factor of four, and/or any otheradditional or alternative channel BW, e.g., including any other numberof 2.16 Ghz channels and/or according to any other channel bondingfactor.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to communicate one or more transmissions over one or morechannel BWs, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16 GHz, a channelBW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64 GHzand/or any other channel BW.

In some demonstrative embodiments, introduction of MIMO may be based,for example, on implementing robust transmission modes and/or enhancingthe reliability of data transmission, e.g., rather than the transmissionrate, compared to a Single Input Single Output (SISO) case. For example,one or more Space Time Block Coding (STBC) schemes utilizing aspace-time channel diversity property may be implemented to achieve oneor more enhancements for the MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, process, transmit and/or receive a PHY ProtocolData Unit (PPDU) having a PPDU format (also referred to as “EDMG PPDUformat”), which may be configured, for example, for communicationbetween EDMG stations, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU, e.g., an EDMG PPDU, mayinclude at least one non-EDMG fields, e.g., a legacy field, which may beidentified, decodable, and/or processed by one or more devices(“non-EDMG devices”, or “legacy devices”), which may not support one ormore features and/or mechanisms (“non-legacy” mechanisms or “EDMGmechanisms”). For example, the legacy devices may include non-EDMGstations, which may be, for example, configured according to an IEEE802.11-2016 Standard, and the like. For example, a non-EDMG station mayinclude a DMG station, which is not an EDMG station.

Reference is made to FIG. 2 , which schematically illustrates an EDMGPPDU format 200, which may be implemented in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments. In one example, devices 102 (FIG. 1 ) and/or140 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more EDMG PPDUs having the structure and/or format ofEDMG PPDU 200.

In one example, devices 102 (FIG. 1 ) and/or 140 (FIG. 1 ) maycommunicate EDMG PPDU 200, for example, as part of a transmission over achannel, e.g., an EDMG channel, having a channel bandwidth including oneor more 2.16 GHz channels, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG PPDU 200may include a non-EDMG portion 210 (“legacy portion”), e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , non-EDMG portion210 may include a non-EDMG (legacy) Short Training Field (STF) (L-STF)202, a non-EDMG (Legacy) Channel Estimation Field (CEF) (L-CEF) 204,and/or a non-EDMG header (L-header) 206.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG PPDU 200,may include an EDMG portion 220, for example, following non-EDMG portion210, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG portion 220may include a first EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-A 208, an EDMG-STF212, an EDMG-CEF 214, a second EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-B 216,a Data field 218, and/or one or more beamforming training fields, e.g.,a training (TRN) field 224.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG portion 220 may include some orall of the fields shown in FIG. 2 and/or one or more other additional oralternative fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Header B field 216 may be included,for example, in EDMG MU PPDUs, for example, on a per STA basis.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Header B field 216 corresponding to aSTA addressed by the EDMG MU PPDU may include, for example, informationrelating to a transmission of a data unit, for example, a PHY ServiceData Unit (PSDU) to the STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG Header B field 216 may includefor example, 64 bits, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments,the EDMG Header B field 216 may include any other number of bits.

In one example, EDMG Header B field 216 corresponding to the STA mayinclude, for example, at least a scrambler seed field, a PSDU lengthfield, e.g., to indicate a length of the PSDU to the STA, and/or one ormore Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) fields to indicate one or moreMCSs. For example, the Header B field may include first and second MCSfields to indicate MCSs for first and second respective spatial streams.

In other embodiments, EDMG Header B field 216 may include any otheradditional or alternative fields and/or information.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more transmissions, e.g., including one or more EDMGPPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140may be configured to perform one or more operations, and/orfunctionalities of EDMG STA, which may be configured, for example, togenerate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions,e.g., including one or more EDMG PPDUs, e.g., including one or morefields, e.g., some or all of the fields, according to the EDMG PPDUformat of FIG. 2 .

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of PPDUs, for example, EDMG PPDUs, for example, SingleCarrier (SC) PHY PPDUs and/or Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiplexing (OFDM) PPDUs, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11aySpecification and/or any other specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of SC PHY PPDUs, for example, EDMG SC PHY PPDUs, forexample, according to an EDMG transmission mode for SC PHY, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of OFDM PPDUs, for example, EDMG OFDM PPDUs, for example,according to an EDMG transmission mode for OFDM PHY, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of the SC PHY PPDUs, for example, according to atransmission mode, which may be configured to support transmission of SCPHY PPDUs over a 2.16 GHz bandwidth, a 4.32 GHz bandwidth, a 6.48 GHzbandwidth, a 8.64 GHz bandwidth, and/or any other bandwidth, forexample, using single or multiple space-time streams and/or single ormultiple transmit chains and/or antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of the OFDM PPDUs, for example, according to atransmission mode, which may be configured to support transmission ofOFDM PPDUs over a 2.16 GHz bandwidth, a 4.32 GHz bandwidth, a 6.48 GHzbandwidth, a 8.64 GHz bandwidth, and/or any other bandwidth, forexample, using single or multiple space-time streams and/or single ormultiple transmit chains and/or antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableSC transmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, an EDMG SC PHY PPDU for SCPHY, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableOFDM transmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, an EDMG OFDM PPDU forOFDM PHY, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableSC transmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, according to a SC PHY EDMGPPDU transmission mode, which may be configured to support a SUtransmission mode and/or a MU transmission mode, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of an EDMG SC PHY PPDU, for example, using a SU mode or aMU mode, for example, with different types of spatial mapping, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102, e.g., an EDMG STA, to encode a PSDU of at least one user inan EDMG PPDU, for example, according to an EDMG Low-Density Parity-Check(LDPC) encoding scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding scheme may bebased, for example, at least on a count of one or more spatial streamsfor transmission to the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channelbandwidth in a frequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU may include, forexample, a SC PPDU, and the transmission may include, for example, a SCtransmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU may include, forexample, an OFDM PPDU, and the transmission may include, for example, anOFDM transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to encode the PSDU of the user according to a count of datapad zero bits for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the count of data pad zero bits forthe user may be based on a number of LDPC codewords for the user overthe one or more spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate scrambled PSDU bits for the user, for example,based on the PSDU for the user and the data pad zero bits for the user,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate an LDPC coded bit stream for the user, forexample, based on the scrambled PSDU bits for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to concatenate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user withcoded pad zero bits for the user, for example, to provide an integernumber of symbols, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a count of the coded pad zero bitsfor the user may be based on a count of symbols for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the count of symbols for the user, for example,based on a count of coded bits per symbol for the user and a spatialstream of the one or more spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to convert the scrambled PSDU for the user into a pluralityof LDPC codewords, for example, according to a codeword length and acode rate, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate the LDPC coded bit stream, for example, byconcatenating the plurality of LDPC codewords, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the codeword length may be 672, 1344,624, or 1248, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, any other codeword length may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the code rate may be 7/8, e.g., asdescribed below.

In other embodiments, any other code rate may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to encode the PSDU for the user into an encoded data fieldover a plurality of spatial streams for the user, for example, such thatthe encoded data field has a same length, e.g., in each of the pluralityof spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to map the one or more spatial streams for the user to one ormore space-time streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU may include an EDMG SUPPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU may include an EDMG MUPPDU, for example, including a plurality of user PPDUs to a respectiveplurality of users, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to align all of the plurality of user PPDUs, for example, intime, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to align the user PPDUs, for example, by padding one or morePSDUs in the MU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to, for example, when the EDMG PPDU includes a SC PPDU,determine a maximum number of SC symbol blocks over all users, anddetermine a count of pad SC symbol blocks for the user, for example,based on the maximum number of SC symbol blocks and a count of SC symbolblocks for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the count of pad SC symbol blocks for the user,for example, by subtracting from the maximum number of SC symbol blocksthe count of SC symbol blocks for the user, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative calculationsand/or operations may be implemented to the count of pad SC symbolblocks for the user.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to update a number of coded pad zero bits for the user, forexample, based on an updated count of SC symbol blocks for the userwhich is equal, for example, to the maximum number of SC symbol blocks,e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative calculationsand/or operations may be implemented to encode and/or align the userPPDUs in an OFDM PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to, for example, when the EDMG PPDU includes an OFDM PPDU,determine a maximum number of OFDM symbols over all users, and determinea count of pad OFDM symbols for the user, for example, based on themaximum number of OFDM symbols and a count of OFDM symbols for the user,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the count of pad OFDM symbols for the user, forexample, by subtracting from the maximum number of OFDM symbols thecount of OFDM symbols for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to update a number of coded pad zero bits for the user basedon an updated count of OFDM symbols for the user, for example, which maybe equal to the maximum number of OFDM symbols, e.g., as describedbelow.

In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative calculationsand/or operations may be implemented to the count of pad OFDM symbolsfor the user.

In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative calculationsand/or operations may be implemented to encode and/or align the userPPDUs in an OFDM PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, encoding and/or transmission of theEDMG SC PHY PPDU may be defined and/or performed based on one or more ofthe following parameters, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters, e.g., as described below:

TABLE 1 Symbol Explanation i_(ss) Spatial stream number or index N_(SSi)_(user) Total number of spatial streams for i_(user)-th user i_(user)User number or index N_(user) Total number of users i_(STS i) _(user)Space-time stream number for i_(user)-th user N_(STS i) _(user) Totalnumber of space-time streams for i_(user)-th user i_(STS) Space-timestream number over all users N_(STS) Total number of space-time streamsover all users Length_(i) _(user) PSDU length in octets for i_(user)-thuser L_(CW) LDPC codeword length in bits, it can be equal to 624, 672,1248, and 1344, or any other value L_(CWD) Number of systematic databits per LDPC codeword L_(CWP) Number of parity bits per LDPC codewordρ_(i) _(user) Repetition factor for i_(user)-th user, it can be equal to2 for MCS 1 and equal to 1 for all other MCSs, or any other value ρ_(i)_(user) _(i) _(SS) Repetition factor for i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-thspatial stream, it can be equal to 2 for MCS 1 and equal to 1 for allother MCSs, or any other value R_(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) LDPC code ratefor i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-th spatial stream, it can be equal to ½,⅝, ¾, 13/16, ⅞, or any other value N_(CW i) _(user) Total number of LDPCcodewords for i_(user)-th user N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Total numberof LDPC codewords for i_(user)-user and i_(SS)-th spatial stream

Number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user to get integer number of LDPCcodewords N_(BLKSi) _(user) Total number of SC symbol blocks fori_(user)-th user N_(BLKSmin) Minimum number of total SC symbol blocksfor BRP PPDU transmission

Number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user to get integer number of SCsymbol blocks

Number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-th spatial stream toget integer number of SC symbol blocks N_(CB) Number of contiguous 2.16GHz channels used for PPDU transmission N_(CBPBi) _(user) Number ofcoded bits per SC symbol block for i_(user)-th user, depends, forexample, on modulation type and different for different GI typesN_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Number of coded bits per symbol(constellation point) for i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-th spatial streamNg_(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Number of bits in the group for i_(user)-thuser and i_(SS)-th spatial stream in the round robin distributionprocedure N_(SPB) Number of symbols (constellation points) per SC symbolblock, depends, for example, on the GI type N _(user) Total number ofusers in multi user transmission N_(BLKSmax) Maximum number of SC symbolblocks over all users

The number of pad SC symbol blocks for i_(user)-th user required toalign PPDUs over different users in time

In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the parameters ofTable 1 may be implemented, one or more parameters may be defined in adifferent manner, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include,operate as, and/or perform a role of, one or more EDMG STAs, which maybe configured to support the transmission of two or more spatial streamsusing SC modulation, e.g., in the form of a MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedure for EDMGSC PPDUs, which may be configured, for example, for multi-streamtransmission, for example, to support one or both of a SU case and a MUcase, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to a procedure to spoof legacydevices, for example, non-EDMG STAs, e.g., DMG STAs, for example, whentransmitting an EDMG SC MU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode, and/orprocess EDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedurefor EDMG SC PPDUs, which may be configured, for example, for multiplespatial stream transmission in a SU case, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode, and/orprocess EDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedurefor EDMG SC MU PPDUs, e.g., as an extension of the encoding procedurefor SU, which may be configured, for example, for multiple spatialstream transmission in a MU case, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to a procedure to supportsignaling to a user of a SC MU PPDU, e.g., to each user, of a number ofpadding blocks present in the EDMG SC MU PPDU, e.g., for the user, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to a procedure to support spoofingof legacy devices, e.g., non-EDMG STAs, for example, when transmittingan EDMG SC MU PPDU, for example, with respect to a spoofed length of theEDMG SC MU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedure, whichmay support, for example, encoding for multi-stream EDMG PPDUs, whichmay make use of a SC modulation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedure, whichmay include, for example, padding a data field of a PPDU, for example,together with and/or as part of an LDPC encoding process, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedure, whichmay encode a SC PHY EDMG PSDU, for example, a SC PHY EDMG SU PSDU or aSC PHY EDMG MU PSDU, for example, per user basis, e.g., with a singlestream or multi-stream transmission per user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an EDMG LDPC encodingprocedure, for example, on a per i_(user)-th user basis, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, determining a number of data pad bitscorresponding to the i_(user)-th user, for example, based at least on anumber of LDPC codewords for the i_(user)-th user, a number of spatialstreams for the i_(user)-th user, and/or a number of LDPC codewords perspatial stream for the i_(user), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, concatenating a PSDU of i_(user)-th user with aplurality of zero bits, for example, based on the number of data padbits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, generating scrambled PSDU data bits, for example,based on the PSDU and the zero bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, distributing the PSDU scrambled bits over a numberof spatial streams for the i_(user)-th user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, converting the scrambled PSDU data bits of aspatial stream, e.g., for each spatial stream, into a plurality of LDPCcodewords, for example, based at least on a repetition factor, acodeword length, a code rate and/or one or more additional oralternative parameters, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, generating a coded bits stream for the i_(user)-thuser based on the LDPC codewords, e.g., per spatial stream, forexamples, by concatenating the LDPC codewords, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, determining a number of coded pad bits for thei_(user)-th user, e.g., per spatial stream, for example, based at leaston the number of SC symbol blocks for the i_(user)-th user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, concatenating the coded bits stream for thei_(user)-th user, e.g., per spatial stream, with a plurality of zerobits, e.g., according to the number of coded pad bits for thei_(user)-th user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure mayinclude, for example, mapping the spatial stream for the i_(user)-thuser to one or more space-time streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedure, whichmay include one or more, e.g., some or all, of the operations describedbelow, for example, for a user, e.g., one user (denoted by thei_(user)-th user).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations of an Algorithm forencoding the PSDU for the i_(user)-th user, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute a number of data pad bits

N_(DATA_PADi_(user)),

-   -    for example, using a number of LDPC codewords per i_(SS)-th        spatial stream N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) , e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{N_{{CW}\; i_{user}i_{SS}} = {\left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}{\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\; i_{user}}}{N_{{CBPSi}_{user}i_{SS}} \cdot \frac{L_{CW}}{\rho_{i_{user}i_{SS}}} \cdot R_{i_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right\rceil \cdot N_{{CBPSi}_{user}i_{SS}}}}{N_{{DATA\_ PADi}_{user}} = {{\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{SS}}{N_{{CW}\; i_{user}i_{SS}} \cdot \frac{L_{CW}}{\rho_{i_{user}i_{SS}}} \cdot R_{i_{user}i_{SS}}}} - {{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

-   -   -   The scrambled PSDU is concatenated with

N_(DATA_PAD i_(user))

-   -   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using a continuation of the            scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU input bits. For            example, all spatial streams may use an LDPC codeword of a            same length.        -   In other embodiments, the number of data pad bits may be            determined according to any other additional or alternative            operations and/or parameters.

    -   b) Distribute the PSDU scrambled bits over N_(SS i) _(user)        spatial streams. Bits distribution is performed on the group        basis with a number of bits in a group, e.g., as follows:        Ng _(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) =(N _(CBPS i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) ×R        _(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) ×16)/ρ_(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS)   (2)        -   The first group of bits comes to the first stream, the            second group of bits comes to the second stream and so on.            The procedure is repeated when the maximum number of spatial            streams N_(SS i) _(user) is reached.        -   In other embodiments, the PSDU scrambled bits may be            distributed according to any other additional or alternative            operations and/or parameters.

    -   c) For each spatial stream convert the scrambled PSDU bits to        LDPC codewords, e.g., in accordance with sub-clause 30.5.6.3.3        step b of an IEEE 802.11ay Specification or any other LDPC        scheme.        -   In other embodiments, the LDPC codewords may be determined            according to any other additional or alternative operations            and/or parameters.

    -   d) For each spatial stream, concatenate LDPC codewords one after        the other to create a coded bits stream, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{\left( {c_{i_{SS}}^{(1)},c_{i_{SS}}^{(2)},\ldots\mspace{14mu},c_{i_{SS}}^{(N_{{CW}\; i_{user}i_{SS}})}} \right),{i_{SS} = 1},2,\ldots\mspace{14mu},N_{{SS}\; i_{user}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

-   -   e) Compute the number of coded pad bits per i_(SS)-th spatial        stream,

N_(BLK_PADi_(user)i_(SS)),

-   -    using the number of SC symbol blocks, N_(BLKS i) _(user) ,        e.g., as follows:

$\mspace{79mu}{N_{{BLKS}\; i_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CW}\; i_{user}i_{SS}} \cdot L_{CW}}{N_{CB} \cdot N_{SPB} \cdot N_{{CBPSi}_{user}i_{SS}}} \right\rceil}$     If  BRP  PPDU  and  N_(BLKS i_(user)) < N_(BLKS min ), then      N_(BLKS i_(user)) = N_(BLKS min ) $\begin{matrix}{N_{{BLK\_ PADi}_{user}i_{SS}} = {{N_{{BLKSi}_{user}} \cdot N_{CB} \cdot N_{SPB} \cdot N_{{CBPSi}_{user}i_{SS}}} - {N_{{CWi}_{user}i_{SS}} \cdot L_{CW}}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

-   -   -   In other embodiments, the number of coded pad bits per            i_(SS)-th spatial stream may be determined according to any            other additional or alternative operations and/or            parameters.

    -   f) Concatenate coded bits for i_(SS)-th spatial stream with

N_(BLK_PADi_(user)i_(SS))

-   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using a continuation of the        scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU input bits and data        pad bits at step a). The pad bits of the first spatial stream        may be scrambled first, the pad bits of the second spatial        stream may be scrambled second, and so on.    -   g) For each user a one-to-one mapping of N_(SS i) _(user)        spatial streams to N_(STS i) _(user) space-time streams may be        applied.    -   h) The space-time stream index per user i_(STS i) _(user) is        mapped to the space-time stream index over all users i_(STS),        e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{i_{STS} = {{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{i_{user} - 1}{Num}_{m}} + i_{{STSi}_{user}}}},{1 \leq i_{{STSi}_{user}} \leq N_{{STSi}_{user}}},{1 \leq i_{user} \leq N_{user}}}{{Num}_{m} = {{{N_{STSm}\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} m} > {0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{Num}_{m}}} = {0\mspace{14mu}{otherwise}}}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

-   -   -   In other embodiments, the space-time stream may be mapped            according to any other additional or alternative operations            and/or parameters.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the parameters used in the abovealgorithm may include one or more of the parameters defined above inTable 1, and/or any other parameters may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the Algorithm for encoding the PSDUfor the i_(user)-th user, e.g., as described above, may allow atechnical benefit, at least by ensuring that a number of blocks to betransmitted in each stream may be kept the same. For example, theAlgorithm for encoding the PSDU for the i_(user)-th user, e.g., asdescribed above, may allow to have the length of the data field to betransmitted to the same user, e.g., in the same EDMG SC PPDU, to be thesame, e.g., over multiple streams. As a result, an end of the data fieldfor all streams may be “aligned”, e.g., as described below.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a PPDU transmission 300 to a user,in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3 ,a data field 318, which is transmitted over two different streams 310and 320 to the same user, may be aligned, e.g., to end at the same time313.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, encode, transmit, receiveand/or process EDMG SC MU PPDUs, for example, as part of a MUtransmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, when transmitting amulti-stream EDMG PPDU to multiple users, the encoding procedure, forexample, using one or more operations of the Algorithm for encoding thePSDU for the i_(user)-th user, e.g., as described above, may be repeatedN times, wherein N is the number of users addressed in the EDMG MU SCPPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, after performing the encoding processto encode the EDMG MU SC PPDU, it may be possible that, e.g., at the endof the process, the encoded data to be sent to different users mayresult in a different numbers of symbol blocks.

For example, the Algorithm for encoding the PSDU for the i_(user)-thuser, e.g., as described above, may guarantee that all streams sent tothe same user have the same length. However, in some cases,implementations and/or scenarios, the streams to two or more users mayhave different lengths.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a PPDU transmission 400 to aplurality of users 402, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 4 , 1or 2 spatial streams 404 or any other number of streams, may be directedto the same user (“user 3”), e.g., when using an EDMG SC MU PPDU. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 4 , at least one user, e.g., a first user(“user 1”) and a second user (“user 2”), may have a single stream,and/or at least one user, e.g., the user 3 may have two or more spatialstreams 404.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4 , the Algorithmfor encoding the PSDU for the i_(user)-th user, e.g., as describedabove, may allow forcing the streams 404 sent to the same user to havethe same length 413, e.g., the same number of SC blocks.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 4 , thedata field 418 of the streams sent to the different users may havedifferent lengths. It may be required that such a scenario is not to bepossibly allowed, for example, in order that data to be sent to thedifferent users may be multiplexed in the same PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in order to avoid asituation of the data field of the streams sent to the different usershaving different lengths, an encoder at the transmitter may pad the datato be sent to different users, for example, in such a way that theresulting number of symbols sent to each user is the same, and thus the“data field” of each user has the same length.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, encode, transmit, receive,decode and/or process EDMG SC MU PPDUs, for example, according to anEDMG LDPC encoding procedure, which may be configured to guarantee thatall user PPDUs should be aligned in time, for example, to end at thesame time and/or to have a same length, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, if necessary, for example, user PSDUsmay be padded according to a padding procedure, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode, and/orprocess EDMG SC PPDUs, for example, according to an encoding procedure,which may include one or more, e.g., some or all, of the operationsdescribed below, for example, for transmission of an EDMG MU SC PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableencoding of a MU PPDU according to a Multi-user encoding Algorithm,e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute a maximum number of SC symbol blocks over all users

${N_{BLKSmax} = {{\max\limits_{i_{user}}{\left( N_{{BLKSi}_{user}} \right)\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}}} = 1}},2,\ldots\mspace{14mu},{N_{user}.}$

-   -   b) Update a number of SC symbol blocks, e.g., at step d) in        30.5.6.3.3 of the IEEE 802.11ay Specification, and/or step e) in        the above Algorithm for encoding the PSDU for the i_(user)-th        user as N_(BLKS i) _(user) =N_(BLKS max) for i_(user)=1, 2, . .        . , N_(user). Update a number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user        accordingly.    -   c) The number of pad SC symbol blocks for MU PPDU transmission        for i_(user)-th user may be defined, e.g., as follows:        N _(PAD_BLKS i) _(user) =N _(BLKS max) −N _(BLKS i) _(user)          (6)

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more operations of theMulti-user encoding Algorithm described above may be configured to addpadding bits to the data to be transmitted to different users, forexample, in such a way that the number of SC blocks required to transmitthe data plus padding bits for all streams of all users may become thesame, e.g., similar to the PPDU shown in FIG. 3 .

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, an EDMG-Header-B, e.g.,EDMG Header B 216 (FIG. 2 ), of an EDMG SC MU PPDU may be sent on aper-user basis, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG-Header-B, e.g., EDMG HeaderB 216 (FIG. 2 ), of an EDMG SC MU PPDU), may include values transmittedin one or more fields, e.g., a PSDU Length field, an EDMG-MCS1 field,and/or an EDMG-MCS2 field and/or any other field, which may allow a STA,e.g., each STA addressed by an EDMG SC MU PPDU, to calculate theduration of the data field after padding. However, in order to decodethe received data field, a user, e.g., each user, may be required toknow the number of padded SC symbols added to their stream(s) in theencoding process.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG-Header-B of EDMG SC PPDUsmay be configured to include a field, e.g., a new field, which may beconfigured to indicate the number of padded SC bits added in thetransmission of the corresponding data field, e.g., as the EDMG-Header-Bis transmitted on a per user-basis.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the field indicating the number ofpadded SC bits may be a “Number of Padded SC Symbols” field or any otherfield with any other name.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the number of bits allocated to thefield indicating the number of padded SC bits may be configured, forexample, to support a maximum number of SC Symbols that could be addedin the padding process, which may assume different values, e.g.,depending on system requirements. One possible value could be 6 bits, orany other number of bits.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more values indicated in oneor more fields of EDMG SC PPDUs, for example, a Length field, a TRNLength field, and/or one or more MCS fields in the L-Header of EDMG SCPPDUs for MIMO transmission and/or any other field, may be configured,for example, such that a spoofing error is smaller than one symbolblock, e.g., 512 x Tc, and non-negative. For example, the spoofing errormay be defined as the difference between the PPDU duration calculatedbased on L-Header and the actual PPDU duration.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enablean OFDM transmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, according to an OFDMEDMG PPDU transmission mode, which may be configured to support a SUtransmission mode and/or a MU transmission mode, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of an EDMG OFDM PPDU, for example, using a SU mode or a MUmode, for example, with different types of spatial mapping, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, encoding and/or transmission of theEDMG OFDM PPDU may be defined and/or performed based on one or more ofthe following parameters, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters, e.g., as described below:

TABLE 2 Symbol Explanation i_(SS) Spatial stream number N_(SSi) _(user)Total number of spatial streams for i_(user)-th user i_(user) Usernumber N_(user) Total number of users i_(STSi) _(user) Space-time streamnumber for i_(user)-th user N_(STSi) _(user) Total number of space-timestreams for i_(user)-th user i_(STS) Space-time stream number over allusers N_(STS) Total number of space-time streams over all usersLength_(i) _(user) PSDU length in octets for i_(user)-th user L_(CW)LDPC codeword length in bits, it can be equal to 624, 672, 1248, and1344 L_(CWD) Number of systematic data bits per LDPC codeword L_(CWP)Number of parity bits per LDPC codeword R_(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) LDPCcode rate for i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-th spatial stream, it can beequal to ½, ⅝, ¾, 13/16, ⅞ N_(CWi) _(user) Total number of LDPCcodewords for i_(user)-th user N_(CWi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Total numberof LDPC codewords for i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-th spatial stream

Number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user to get integer number of LDPCcodewords N_(SYMSi) _(user) Total number of OFDM symbols for i_(user)-thuser N_(SYMSmin) Minimum number of total OFDM symbols for BRP PPDUtransmission

Number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user to get integer number of OFDMsymbols

Number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-th spatial stream toget integer number of OFDM symbols N_(BPSCi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Numberof coded bits per constellation point for i_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-thspatial stream Ng_(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Number of bits in the group fori_(user)-th user and i_(SS)-th spatial stream in the round robindistribution procedure N_(user) Total number of users in multi usertransmission N_(SYMSmax) Maximum number of OFDM symbols over all users

The number of pad OFDM symbols for i_(user)-th user required to alignPPDUs over different users in time

In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the parameters ofTable 2 may be implemented, one or more parameters may be defined in adifferent manner, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include,operate as, and/or perform a role of, one or more EDMG STAs, which maybe configured to support the transmission of two or more spatial streamsusing OFDM modulation, e.g., in the form of a MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enablean encoding procedure for EDMG OFDM PPDUs, which may be configured, forexample, for both single spatial stream and multi-spatial streamtransmission, for example, to support one or both of a SU case and a MUcase, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, a data codeword, e.g.,each data codeword, of L_(CWD) information bits may be concatenated withL_(CWP) parity bits, for example, to create a codeword of lengthL_(CW)=L_(CWD)+L_(CWP) bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, encode, transmit, receive, decode and/or processEDMG OFDM PPDUs, for example, according to an EDMG LDPC encodingprocedure, for example, on a per i_(user)-th user basis, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure maysupport, for example, employing, at an LDPC encoder, codeword lengthsL_(CW)=624, 672, 1248, and/or 1344, e.g., which may result in code ratesR=1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 13/16, and/or 7/8.

In other embodiments, any other codeword lengths and/or code rates maybe used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding procedure maybe defined and/or performed based on one or more of the followingparameters, and/or one or more additional or alternative parameters,e.g., as described below:

TABLE 3 Codeword length-L_(CW) Number of data bits-L_(CWD) Code rateShort Long Short Long ½ 672 1344 336 672 ⅝ 672 1344 420 840 ¾ 672 1344504 1008 13/16 672 1344 546 1092 ⅞ 624 or 672 1248 or 1344 546 or 58810921176

In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the parameters ofTable 3 may be implemented, one or more parameters may be defined in adifferent manner, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG LDPC encoding procedure forLDPC encoding with a codeword length L_(CW)=672 or 1344 may includesolving the linear system of equations H×(c^((m)))^(T)=0, which may bedefined, for example, by a parity matrix H of size L_(CWP) by L_(CW),where c^((m))=(b^((m)), p^((m))) defines an m-th LDPC codeword,b^((m))=(b₁ ^((m)), b₂ ^((m)), . . . , b_(L) _(CWD) ^((m)) defines anm-th data word, and p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) _(CWP)^((m))) defines parity bits for the m-th LDPC codeword.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG LDPC encoding procedure forLDPC encoding with a codeword length L_(CW)=624 or 1248, may includeemploying the original matrices H with L_(CW)=672 and 1344 for a coderate R=13/16; and applying a puncturing procedure to get a desired coderate R=7/8. For example, for L_(CW)=624, the first 48 parity bits may bediscarded, and/or for L_(CW)=1248, the first 96 parity bits may bediscarded.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG LDPC encoding procedure forLDPC encoding may use parity check matrices in accordance with an IEEE802.11ay Specification, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enablean LDPC encoding procedure for a single spatial stream (i_(SS)=1), e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the encoding procedure for thei_(user)-th user may be implemented, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute the number of data pad bits

N_(DATA_PADi_(user)),

-   -    using a number of LDPC codewords N_(CW i) _(user) , e.g., as        follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{N_{{CWi}_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}{L_{CW} \cdot R_{i_{user}}} \right\rceil}{N_{{DATA\_ PADi}_{user}} = {{N_{CW} \cdot L_{CW} \cdot R_{i_{user}}} - {{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

-   -   -   The scrambled PSDU is concatenated with

N_(DATA_PADi_(user))

-   -   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using a continuation of the            scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU input bits.

    -   b) Convert the scrambled PSDU data bits to LDPC codewords, for        example, depending on the codeword length and code rate, e.g.,        as follows:        -   a. If LCW=672, 1344:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length LCWD=LCW×R bits such that the m-th data                word may be, e.g., as follows:                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b _(L) _(CWD)                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)   (8)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) _(CWP) ^((m)),                L_(CWP)=L_(CW)−L_(CWD), are added to create the codeword                c^((m))=(b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that                H·(c^((m)))^(T)=0        -   b. If L_(CW)=624, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 546 bits such that the m-th data word                may be, e.g., as follows:                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)   (9)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) ₁₂₆ ^((m)) are added to create                the codeword (b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user) ,                and parity bits are computed applying L_(CW)=672,                R=13/16 LDPC matrix.            -   iii. Finally, the first 48 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword, e.g., as                follows:                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆ ^((m))                ,p ₄₉ ^((m)) ,p ₅₀ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₁₂₆ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user)   (10)        -   c. If L_(CW)=1248, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 1092 bits such that the m-th data word                may be, e.g., as follows:                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₀₉₂                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)   (11)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) ₂₅₂ ^((m)) are added to create                a codeword (b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user) , and                parity bits are computed applying L_(CW)=1344, R=13/16                LDPC matrix.            -   iii. Finally, the first 96 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword, e.g., as                follows:                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₀₉₂ ^((m))                ,p ₉₇ ^((m)) ,p ₉₈ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₂₅₂ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user)   (12)

    -   c) Concatenate LDPC codewords one after the other to create a        coded bits stream

(c⁽¹⁾, c⁽²⁾, …  , c^((N_(CWi_(user)))))

-   -   d) Compute the number of coded pad bits,

N_(SYM_PADi_(user)),

-   -    using the number of OFDM symbols, N_(SYMS i) _(user) , e.g., as        follows:

$N_{{SYMSi}_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CWi}_{user}} \cdot L_{CW}}{N_{SD} \cdot N_{{BPSCi}_{user}}} \right\rceil$

-   -   -   If BRP PPDU and N_(SYMS i) _(user) <N_(SYMS min), then            N_(SYMS i) _(user) =N_(SYMS min)        -   If STBC applied and N_(SYMS i) _(user) is odd, then            N_(SYMS i) _(user) =N_(SYMS i) _(user) +1            N _(SYM_PAD i) _(user) =N _(SYMS i) _(user) ·N _(SD) ·N            _(BPSC i) _(user) −N _(CW i) _(user) ·L _(CW)  (13)

    -   e) Concatenate coded bit stream with N_(SYM_PAD i) _(user) zero        bits. The bits may be scrambled, for example, using a        continuation of the scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU        input bits and data pad bits at step a).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the parameters used in the abovealgorithm may include one or more of the parameters defined above inTable 2 and/or any other parameters may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for each user, for example, if a STBCcoding is applied, a single spatial stream N_(SS i) _(user) =1 may bemapped to two space-time streams N_(STS i) _(user) =2.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for each user, for example, if a STBCcoding is not applied, a single spatial stream N_(SS i) _(user) =1 maybe mapped to a single space-time stream N_(STS i) _(user) =1.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a space-time stream index per useri_(STS i) _(user) may be mapped to the space-time stream index over allusers i_(STS), e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{i_{STS} = {{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{i_{user} - 1}{Num}_{m}} + i_{{STSi}_{user}}}},{1 \leq i_{{STSi}_{user}} \leq N_{{STSi}_{user}}},} & (14)\end{matrix}$ 1 ≤ i_(user) ≤ N_(user)Num_(m) = N_(STSm)form > 0andNum_(m) = 0otherwise

In some demonstrative embodiments, a value of N_(SYMS min) may bedefined per user basis, for example, in a Requested BRP OFDM Blocksfield, for example, within a responder's EDMG Capabilities element, orin any other field and/or message. For example, if the Requested BRPBlocks field is not included in the EDMG Capabilities element, thenN_(BLKS min)=aBRPminOFDMblocks.

In other embodiments, any other definition of N_(SYMS min) may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableLDPC encoding for multiple spatial streams (i_(SS)>1), e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enablethe LDPC encoding process for an i_(user)-th user, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute the number of data pad bits

N_(DATA_PADi_(user)),

-   -    using a number of LDPC codewords per i_(SS)-th spatial stream        N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) , e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{N_{{CWi}_{user}i_{SS}} = {\left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}{\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}{N_{{BPSCi}_{user}i_{SS}} \cdot L_{CW} \cdot R_{i_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right\rceil \cdot N_{{BPSCi}_{user}i_{SS}}}}{N_{{DATA\_ PADi}_{user}} = {{\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{SS}}{N_{{CSi}_{user}i_{SS}} \cdot L_{CW} \cdot R_{i_{user}i_{SS}}}} - {{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$

-   -   -   The scrambled PSDU is concatenated with

N_(DATA_PADi_(user))

-   -   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using a continuation of the            scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU input bits.        -   All spatial streams may use an LDPC codeword of a same            length.

    -   b) Distribute the PSDU scrambled bits over N_(SS i) _(user)        spatial streams. For example, bits distribution may be performed        on a group basis with a number of bits in a group, e.g., as        follows:        Ng _(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) =(N _(BPSC i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) ×R        _(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) ×16)  (16)        -   The first group of bits comes to the first stream, the            second group of bits comes to the second stream and so on.            The procedure may be repeated when the maximum number of            spatial streams N_(SS i) _(user) is reached.

    -   c) For each spatial stream convert the scrambled PSDU bits to        LDPC codewords, e.g., as described above with respect to step b)        of the LDPC encoding procedure for a single spatial stream.

    -   d) For each spatial stream concatenate LDPC codewords one after        the other to create the coded bits stream, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{\left( {c_{i_{SS}}^{(1)},c_{i_{SS}}^{(2)},\ldots,c_{i_{SS}}^{(N_{{CWi}_{user}i_{SS}})}} \right),{i_{SS} = 1},2,\ldots,N_{{SSi}_{user}}} & (17)\end{matrix}$

-   -   e) Compute the number of coded pad bits per i_(SS)-th spatial        stream

N_(SYM_PADi_(user)i_(SS)),

-   -    using the number of OFDM symbols, N_(SYMS i) _(user) e.g., as        follows:

$\begin{matrix}{N_{{SYMSi}_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CWi}_{user}i_{SS}} \cdot L_{CW}}{N_{SD} \cdot N_{{BPSCi}_{user}i_{SS}}} \right\rceil} & (18)\end{matrix}$ IfBRPPPDUandN_(SYSMi_(user)) < N_(SYMSmin), thenN_(SYMSi_(user)) = N_(SYMSmin)N_(SYM_PADi_(user)i_(SS)) = N_(SYMSi_(user)) ⋅ N_(SD) ⋅ N_(BPSCi_(user)i_(SS)) − N_(CWi_(user)i_(SS)) ⋅ L_(CW)

-   -   f) Concatenate coded bits for i_(SS)-th spatial stream with

N_(SYM_PADi_(user)i_(SS))

-   -    zero bits. The bits may be scrambled, for example, using a        continuation of the scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU        input bits and data pad bits at step a). The pad bits of the        first spatial stream are scrambled first, the pad bits of the        second spatial stream are scrambled second, and so on.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the parameters used in the abovealgorithm may include one or more of the parameters defined above inTable 2 and/or any other parameters may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for each user, a one-to-one mappingof N_(SS i) _(user) spatial streams to N_(STS i) _(user) space-timestreams may be applied. For example, the space-time stream index peruser i_(STS i) _(user) may be mapped to the space-time stream index overall users i_(STS), e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{i_{STS} = {{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{i_{user} - 1}{Num}_{m}} + i_{{STSi}_{user}}}},{1 \leq i_{{STSi}_{user}} \leq N_{{STSi}_{user}}},{1 \leq i_{user} \leq N_{user}}}{{Num}_{m} = {{{N_{STSm}{for}m} > {0{and}{Num}_{m}}} = {0{otherwise}}}}} & (19)\end{matrix}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableMU PPDU padding, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to align in time PPDUs for all users, e.g., for MU PPDUtransmissions.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, if necessary to achievethe alignment of the PPDUs, the PSDUs may be padded, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute the maximum number of OFDM symbols over all users,        e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{N_{SYMSmax} = {{\max\limits_{i_{user}}{\left( N_{{SYMSi}_{user}} \right){for}i_{user}}} = 1}},2,\ldots,N_{user}} & (20)\end{matrix}$

-   -   b) Update the number of OFDM symbols at step d) in the LDPC        encoding procedure for a single spatial stream, e.g., in        Equation 13, and/or at step e) in the LDPC encoding for a        multiple spatial stream, e.g., in Equation 18, as N_(SYMS i)        _(user) =N_(SYMS max) for i_(user)=1, 2, . . . , N_(user).        Update the number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user accordingly.    -   c) The number of pad OFDM symbols for MU PPDU transmission for        i_(user)-th user is defined, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{N_{{SYM\_ BLKSi}_{user}} = {N_{SYMSmax} - N_{{SYMSi}_{user}}}} & (21)\end{matrix}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enablea Spoofing error length indicator.

In some demonstrative embodiments, in order to correctly decode amulti-user EDMG OFDM PPDU, the STAs processing the PPDU, e.g., devices102 and/or 140, must know the number of padding symbols added to theirstream(s), e.g., by using the Spoofing error length indicator.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of an EDMG SC PHY PPDU, for example, using a SU mode or aMU mode, for example, with different types of spatial mapping, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102, e.g., an EDMG STA, to generate an EDMG SC PPDU, e.g., PPDU200 (FIG. 2 ), including at least pre-EDMG fields and a data field,e.g., data field 218 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG fields may include aL-STF, e.g., L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ), a L-CEF, e.g., L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ), aL-Header, e.g., L-Header 206 (FIG. 2 ), and an EDMG-Header-A, e.g., EDMGHeader A 208 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate one or more PPDU waveforms for the pre-EDMG anddata fields, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the one or more PPDU waveforms may beconfigured for spatial mapping to one or more respective transmitchains, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may includedigital beamforming, e.g., according to a spatial mapping matrix, orspatial expansion, for example, according to a cyclic time shift, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU waveform corresponding to atransmit chain of the one or more transmit chains may be based on atransmit chain number of the transmit chain, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU in a SC transmission via the oneor more transmit chains over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 GHz ina frequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmission of the EDMG SC PPDU viathe transmit chain may be based on the PPDU waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidthincluding a plurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, device 102 may transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over anyother channel bandwidth.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may include thedigital beamforming according to the spatial mapping matrix, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PPDU waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain may be based, for example, on a matrix element of thespatial mapping matrix, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an index of the matrix element may bebased on the transmit chain number of the transmit chain, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the index of the matrix element mayinclude a row index of the spatial mapping matrix, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the row index may be equal to thetransmit chain number of the transmit chain, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the matrix element may be in a row ofthe spatial mapping matrix having a row index equal to 1, e.g., asdescribed below.

In other embodiments, the row index may include any other value.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain based on the matrix element of the spatial mapping matrix, e.g.,as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))=[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)  (22)

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, Qdenotes the spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrixelement from an m-th row and an n-th column.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may include thespatial expansion according to the cyclic time shift, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PPDU waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain may include the cyclic time shift of the pre-EDMG anddata fields, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic time shift may be based onthe transmit chain number of the transmit chain, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic time shift may include acyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) in SC chip units, wherein i_(TX)denotes the transmit chain number, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i)^(TX) may be (i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) denotes a factorvalue, and T_(c) denotes a SC chip time duration, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the factor value N_(c) may be equalto 4, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, the factor value N_(c) may include any othervalue.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain, for example, by applying the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX)to the pre-EDMG and data fields, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre} - {EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} =} \\{\left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre} - {EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots,} \\ & {N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}} \\{{r_{{{pre} - {EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}},\ldots,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},} \right.}\end{matrix} & (23)\end{matrix}$ 1 ≤ i_(TX) ≤ N_(TX)

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration, and N=length(r_(pre-EDMG, Data)).

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate the EDMG SC PPDU including a TRN field, and togenerate the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain byconcatenating the pre-EDMG and data fields with the TRN field, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to up-sample and filter the PPDU waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidthincluding a plurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain to include an up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain, for example, duplicated, with time delay, over theplurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a SU PPDU, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a MU PPDU to a plurality ofusers, the MU PPDU including an EDMG Header B, and an EDMG preamble,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmission of the EDMG SC PHY PPDUmay be defined and/or performed based on one or more of the followingparameters, and/or one or more additional or alternative parameters:

TABLE 4 Symbol Explanation i_(STS) Space-time stream number or indexN_(STS) Total number of space-time streams over all users i_(user) Usernumber or index N_(user) Total number of users i_(TX) Transmit chainnumber or index N_(TX) Total number of transmit chains F_(c) SC chiprate, equal to 1.76 GHz, or any other chip rate T_(c) SC chip timeduration, equal to 1/F_(c) N_(CB) Number of contiguous 2.16 GHz channelsused for PPDU transmission, e.g., 1 ≤ N_(CB) ≤ 4, or any other factor QSpatial mapping matrix of size N_(TX) by N_(STS) N_(up) Up-samplingparameter

In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the parameters ofTable 4 may be implemented, one or more parameters may be defined in adifferent manner, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of an EDMG SC PHY PPDU, for example, according to aspatial mapping scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a spatial mapping scheme may define amapping of a plurality of space-time streams, e.g., N_(STS) space-timestreams, to a plurality of transmit chains or antennas, e.g., N_(TX)transmit chains, for example, wherein N_(STS)≤N_(TX).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping scheme may beimplemented, for example, according to a spatial mapping matrix, denotedQ, e.g., of a size N_(TX) by N_(STS), and/or a Cyclic Shift Diversity(CSD) scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping matrix Q may beindependent on the chip time index or subcarrier index, and/or may beconstant in time. In other embodiments any other mapping matrix may beimplemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the mapping scheme may include amapping scheme selected from a plurality of predefined (basic) mappingschemes, for example, in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specificationand/or any other Specification, and/or any other mapping scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the mapping scheme mayinclude a direct mapping scheme, an indirect mapping scheme, a digitalbeamforming scheme, and/or a spatial expansion scheme. In otherembodiments, any other additional or alternative scheme may beimplemented.

For example, the mapping scheme may implement one or more of thefollowing spatial mapping methods and/or Q matrices, for example, withrespect to one or more use cases, implementations and/or scenarios:

-   -   1. Direct mapping, N_(STS)=N_(TX): spatial mapping matrix Q is a        square diagonal complex values matrix of size N_(TX), which may        be, for example, defined, e.g., as follows and/or using any        other definition:        -   a. [Q]_(i,j)=1, i=i_(STS)=i_(TX), i=1, 2, . . . , N_(TX),            the identity matrix        -   b. [Q]_(i,j)=exp(j2πϕ_(i)), i_(STS)=i_(TX), i=1, 2, . . . ,            N_(TX), exponential matrix    -   2. Indirect mapping, N_(STS)=N_(TX): spatial mapping matrix Q is        a square matrix of size N_(TX) which may include, for example,        complex values, which may be, for example, defined, e.g., as        follows and/or using any other definition:        -   a. Q=F, the discrete Fourier matrix        -   b. Q=H, the normalized Hadamard matrix    -   3. Digital beamforming, N_(STS)≤N_(TX): spatial mapping matrix Q        is a rectangular matrix of size N_(TX) by N_(STS), which may        include, complex values, which may be, for example, defined        based on some knowledge of the channel between a beamformer and        beamformee.    -   4. Spatial expansion, N_(STS)=1<N_(TX): the spatial expansion        may be performed, for example, by application of a cyclic shift        (CSD) over different transmit chains. The cyclic shift may be        applied, for example, to the number of consecutive fields in the        PPDU. This may allow, for example, duplication of the        transmission of the PPDU fields over the N_(Tx) transmit chains,        for example, while allowing to avoid unintentional beamforming,        which may exist with a coherent signal transmission. In one        example, the spatial expansion technique may not be applied to        one or more fields, for example, the TRN field, which may be,        for example, transmitted using an orthogonal sequence set.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of an EDMG SC PHY PPDU, for example, as part of an EDMG SUPPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a PPDUtransmission over a 2.16 GHz channel with i_(STS)=1, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a SC mode EDMG SU PPDU transmittedover a 2.16 GHz channel with a single space-time stream (e.g.,i_(STS)=1) may include, for example, a pre-EDMG field, a data field, anda TRN field, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the SC mode EDMG SU PPDU may include,for example, one or more pre-EDMG fields, a data field, e.g., data field218 (FIG. 2 ), and a TRN field, e.g., TRN field 224 (FIG. 2 ). In someembodiments, the SC mode EDMG SU PPDU may include only some of thesefields and/or one or more other fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG part of the SC mode EDMGSU PPDU may include, for example, an L-STF, e.g., L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ),an L-CEF, e.g., L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ), an L-Header, e.g., L-Header 206(FIG. 2 ), and/or an EDMG Header-A, e.g., EDMG Header A 208 (FIG. 2 ).

In other embodiments, the SC mode EDMG SU PPDU may include any otheradditional or alternative fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a total number of transmit chainsN_(Tx) may be maintained constant during transmission, for example, overthe different fields of the EDMG SU PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG and data part of theEDMG SU PPDU may be defined, for example, to include the followingmodulated fields:r _(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c))=r _(L-STF)(nT _(c))+r _(L-CEF)(nT _(c) −t_(L-CEF))+r _(L-Header)(nT _(c) −t _(L-Header))+r _(EDMG-Header-A)(nT_(c) −t _(EDMG-Header-A))+r _(Data)(nT _(c) −t _(Data))  (24)wherein:

-   -   t_(L-CEF)=T_(L-STF) is a duration of the L-STF field of the        PPDU;    -   t_(L-Header)=t_(L-CEF)+T_(L-CEF) is a total duration of the        L-STF and L-CEF fields of the PPDU;    -   t_(EDMG-Header-A)=t_(L-Header)+T_(L-Header) is a total duration        of the L-STF, L-CEF, and L-Header fields of the PPDU; and/or    -   t_(Data)=t_(EDMG-Header-A)+T_(EDMG-Header-A) is a total duration        of the L-STF, L-CEF, L-Header, and EDMG-Header-A fields of the        PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, for digital beamformingtransmission of the EDMG SU PPDU, the pre-EDMG and data part waveformfor an i_(TX)-th transmit chain may be defined, for example, as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))=[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)  (25)wherein:

-   -   Q denotes a spatial mapping matrix; and    -   [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrix element from an m-th row and an n-th        column.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process the EDMG SUPPDU, which may be transmitted via N_(Tx) transmit chains, whereinN_(Tx) is an integer equal to or greater than 1, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process at least aportion of the EDMG SU PPDU, e.g., a pre-EDMG and/or a data portion ofthe EDMG SU PPDU, which may be transmitted, e.g., in duplicate, via theN_(Tx) transmit chains, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, a transmission of thepre-EDMG and/or the data portion of the EDMG SU PPDU via an i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, may include, for example, a cyclic shift, which may beconfigured, for example, to be dependent at least on the particulartransmit chain number of the i_(TX)-th transmit chain to be used, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process an EDMG SU PPDUhaving a pre-EDMG and data part of the PPDU transmitted using multipletransmit chains, for example, according to a spatial expansionmechanism, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a spatial expansion with Cyclic ShiftDiversity (CSD) may be applied, for example, to transmit the pre-EDMGand data part of the EDMG SU PPDU, for example, using multiple transmitchains, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG and/or data part of theEDMG SU PPDU waveform for an i_(TX)-th transmit chain may include, forexample, a cyclic shift, denoted T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) , which may beconfigured, for example, to be dependent at least on the particulartransmit chain number of the i_(TX)-th transmit chain to be used, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX)may be implemented to include a time shift, which may be, for example,defined in SC chip units, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX)may include a time shift, which may be defined, for example, in SC timeunits, for example, as (i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) may beconfigured as a predefined factor value, for example, N_(c) may be equalto 4 chips. For example, T_(c) may include a chip time duration. Inother embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) may be defined inany other manner.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the pre-EDMG and/or thedata part of the EDMG SU PPDU waveform for the i_(TX)-th transmit chainmay be determined based on the cyclic shift e.g., T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) , asfollows:

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre} - {EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} =} \\{\left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre} - {EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots,} \\ & {N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}} \\{{r_{{{pre} - {EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/}}} \\ & {T_{c},\ldots,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},} \right.}\end{matrix} & (26)\end{matrix}$ 1 ≤ i_(TX) ≤ N_(TX)

-   -   wherein:    -   N=length(r_(pre-EDMG, Data))

In some demonstrative embodiments, the TRN field r_(TRN) ^(i) ^(TX)(nT_(c)) of the EDMG SU PPDU shall be defined at the SC chip rate equalto 1.76 GHz, for example, per i_(TX)-th transmit chain, e.g., incompliance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG SU PPDU waveform, forexample, for transmission over a 2.16 GHz channel and a singlespace-time stream (e.g., i_(STS)=1), may be determined, for thei_(TX)-th transmit chain, for example, by concatenating the preamble anddata part with the TRN field, e.g., as follows:r _(EDMG) ^(i) ^(TX) ⁽¹⁾(nT _(c))=r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c))+r _(TRN) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c) −t _(TRN)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)  (27)wherein:t_(TRN)=t_(Data)+T_(Data) is a total duration of the L-STF, L-CEF,L-Header, EDMG-Header-A, and Data fields of the PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a filtering procedure may be appliedto the EDMG SU PPDU, for example, with a pulse shaping filter h_(SCCB),which may be, for example, defined at a sampling rate of N_(up)×1.76GHz, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}(2)}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = \left\{ {{{\begin{matrix}r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}(1)} & {{n = 0},N_{up},{2*N_{up}\ldots}} \\0 & {otherwise}\end{matrix}{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}(3)}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{K - 1}{{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}(2)}\left( {\left( {n - k} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}{h_{SCCB}(k)}}}},{n = 0},1,{{\ldots{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}} = {r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}(3)}\left( {\left( {n + \frac{K - 1}{2}} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}},{n = 0},1,\ldots} \right.} & (28)\end{matrix}$

-   -   wherein:    -   K denotes a length of the filter h_(SCCB) in samples; and

${{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = 0},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} n} < {0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} n} \geq {{length}\mspace{14mu}\left( r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}{(1)}} \right) \times N_{up}}}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more parameters, which may beimplemented for the EDMG SU PPDU waveform, for example, the pulseshaping filter impulse response h_(SCCB) and/or the parameter N_(up) maybe, for example, implementation specific.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a PPDUtransmission over a 2.16 GHz channel with i_(STS)>1, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a PPDUtransmission over a channel wider than 2.16 GHz, for example, a 4.32 GHzchannel, a 6.48 GHz channel, an 8.64 GHz channel and/or any otherchannel, for example, with i_(STS)≥1, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a SC mode EDMG SU PPDU to betransmitted over a 2.16 GHz channel with multiple streams (i_(STS)>1),and/or a SC mode EDMG SU PPDU to be transmitted over a 4.32 GHz channel,a 6.48 GHz channel, and/or a 8.64 GHz channel, with single or multiplespace-time streams (i_(STS)≥1), may include a pre-EDMG part, an EDMGpreamble, a data part, and TRN field. In some embodiments, the SC modeEDMG SU PPDU may include only some of these fields and/or one or moreother fields.

In other embodiments, the SC mode EDMG SU PPDU may include any otheradditional or alternative fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a total number of transmit chainsN_(Tx) may be maintained constant during transmission, for example, overthe different fields of the EDMG SU PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG part of the EDMG SU PPDUmay be defined, for example, to include the following modulated fields:r _(pre-EDMG)(nT _(c))=r _(L-STF)(nT _(c))+r _(L-CEF)(nT _(c) −t_(L-CEF))+r _(L-Header)(nT _(c) −t _(L-Header))++r _(EDMG-Header-A)(nT_(c) −t _(EDMG-Header-A))  (29)wherein:

-   -   t_(L-CEF)=T_(L-STF) is a duration of the L-STF field of the        PPDU;    -   t_(L-Header)=t_(L-CEF)+T_(L-CEF) is a total duration of the        L-STF and L-CEF fields of the PPDU; and/or    -   t_(EDMG-Header-A)=t_(L-Header)+T_(L-Header) is a total duration        of the L-STF, L-CEF, and L-Header fields of the PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, for digital beamformingtransmission of the EDMG SU PPDU, the pre-EDMG part waveform for ani_(TX)-th transmit chain may be defined, for example, as follows:r _(pre-EDMG) ^(i) ^(TX) ⁽¹⁾(nT _(c))=[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)  (30)wherein:

-   -   Q denotes a spatial mapping matrix; and    -   [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrix element from an m-th row and an n-th        column.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case of spatialexpansion, the pre-EDMG part of PPDU waveform to be transmitted for thei_(TX)-th transmit chain may include a cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) ,which may be configured, for example, to be dependent at least on theparticular transmit chain number of the i_(TX)-th transmit chain to beused, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX)may be implemented to include a time shift, which may be, for example,defined in SC chip units, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX)may include a time shift, which may be defined, for example, in SC timeunits, for example, as (i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) may beconfigured as a predefined factor value, for example, N_(c) may be equalto 4 chips. For example, T may include a chip time duration. In otherembodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) may be defined in anyother manner.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the pre-EDMG part of theEDMG SU PPDU waveform for the i_(TX)-th transmit chain may be determinedbased on the cyclic shift e.g., T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}} \\{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}},\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.} & (31)\end{matrix}$wherein:N=length(r_(pre-EDMG))

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG waveform for thei_(TX)-th transmit chain may be obtained, for example, by up-samplingand filtering and, for example, applying an appropriate carrierfrequency shift of the waveform r_(pre-EDMG) ^(i) ^(TX (1)) (nT_(c)),e.g., if required.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, an up-sampling proceduremay be applied, for example, by a factor of N_(up).

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, a filtering proceduremay be performed, for example, with a pulse shaping filter h_(SCCB),which may be defined, for example, at the N_(up)×1.76 GHz sampling rateor any other rate, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = \left\{ {{{\begin{matrix}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},N_{up},{2*N_{up}\mspace{11mu}\ldots}} \\0 & {otherwise}\end{matrix}{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{K - 1}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {\left( {n - k} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}{h_{SCCB}(k)}}}},{n = 0},1,{{\ldots\;\mspace{79mu}{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}} = {r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {\left( {n + \frac{K - 1}{2}} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}},{n = 0},1,\ldots} \right.} & (32)\end{matrix}$wherein:K denotes a length of the filter h_(SCCB) in samples; and

${{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = 0},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} n} < {0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} n} \geq {{length}\mspace{14mu}\left( r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}} \right) \times {N_{up}.}}}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG waveform for thei_(TX)-th transmit chain, for example, for transmission over a 2.16 GHzchannel, may be defined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = {r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (33)\end{matrix}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, a pre-EDMG waveform for the i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, for example, for duplicate transmission over a channelbandwidth including a plurality of 2.16 channel bandwidths, may bedefined, for example, based on the channel bandwidth, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a pre-EDMG waveform for the i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, for example, for duplicate transmission over a channelbandwidth including a plurality of 2.16 channel bandwidths, may bedefined, for example, as a combination of a plurality of waveformscorresponding to the plurality of 2.16 channel bandwidths, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a pre-EDMG waveform for the i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, for example, for duplicate transmission over a channelbandwidth of 4.32 GHz, may be defined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = {{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{1}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{{\exp\left( {{- j}\; 2\;{\pi\left( \frac{\Delta\; F}{2} \right)}\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)n} \right)}++}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{2}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\exp\left( {{+ j}\; 2\;{\pi\left( \frac{\Delta\; F}{2} \right)}\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)n} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (34)\end{matrix}$wherein:

-   -   ΔF denotes a sub-channel spacing, e.g., a spacing equal to 2.16        GHz or any other spacing;    -   Δt₁ and Δt₂ are in the range [0, T_(c)], and/or any other        combination of values and/or ranges may be implemented; and/or    -   the primary channel shall have a zero delay.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a pre-EDMG waveform for the i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, for example, for duplicate transmission over a channelbandwidth of 6.48 GHz, may be defined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = {{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{1}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{{\exp\left( {{- j}\; 2\;{\pi\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)}n} \right)}++}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{2}}} \right)} \cdot {\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}++}}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{3}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}{\exp\left( {{+ j}\; 2\;{\pi\Delta}\;{F\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)}n} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (35)\end{matrix}$wherein:

-   -   Δt₁, Δt₂, and Δt₃ are in the range [0, T_(c)], and/or any other        combination of values and/or ranges may be implemented; and/or    -   the primary channel shall have a zero delay.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a pre-EDMG waveform for the i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, for example, for duplicate transmission over a channelbandwidth of 8.64 GHz, may be defined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = {{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{1}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{4}}}\exp{\left( {{- j}\; 2\;{\pi\left( \frac{3\Delta\; F}{2} \right)}\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)n} \right)++}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{2}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{4}}}{{\exp\left( {{- j}\; 2\;{\pi\left( \frac{\Delta\; F}{2} \right)}\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)n} \right)}++}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{3}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{4}}}{{\exp\left( {{+ j}\; 2\;{\pi\left( \frac{\Delta\; F}{2} \right)}\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)n} \right)}++}{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}{(4)}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} + {\Delta\; t_{4}}} \right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{4}}}{\exp\left( {{+ j}\; 2\;{\pi\left( \frac{3\Delta\; F}{2} \right)}\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}} \right)n} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (36)\end{matrix}$wherein:

-   -   Δt₁, Δt₂, Δt₃ and Δt₄ are in the range [0, T_(c)], and/or any        other combination of values and/or ranges may be implemented;        and/or    -   the primary channel shall have a zero delay.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a pre-EDMG waveform for the i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, for example, for duplicate transmission over any otheradditional or alternative channel bandwidth may be defined, for example,based on one or more of the above definitions.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more parameters, which may beimplemented for the pre-EDMG waveform, for example, the pulse shapingfilter impulse response h_(SCCB) and/or the parameter N_(up) may be, forexample, implementation specific.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG preamble part and the datapart of the EDMG SU PPDU may be defined, for example, for the i_(STS)-thspace-time stream, for example, at a chip rate N_(CB)×1.76 GHz, e.g.,wherein 1≤N_(CB)≤4 or any other factor.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG preamble part and the datapart of the EDMG SU PPDU may be defined, for example, to include thefollowing modulated fields:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)} = {{r_{{EDMG}\text{-}{STF}}^{i_{STS}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)} + {{{r_{{EDMG}\text{-}{CEF}}^{i_{STS}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} - t_{{EDMG}\text{-}{CEF}}} \right)}++}{r_{Data}^{i_{STS}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} - t_{Data}} \right)}}}},{1 \leq i_{STS} \leq N_{STS}}} & (37)\end{matrix}$wherein:t_(EDMG-CEF)=T_(EDMG-STF) is a duration of the EDMG-STF field, e.g.,field 212 (FIG. 2 ), of the PPDU; andt_(Data)=t_(EDMG-CEF)+T_(EDMG-CEF) is a total duration of the EDMG-STFand EDMG-CEF, e.g., field 214 (FIG. 2 ), fields of the PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case of directmapping, indirect mapping, and/or digital beamforming, the EDMG preambleand data part waveform for the i_(TX)-th transmit chain, may be defined,for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)} = {\lbrack Q\rbrack_{i_{TX},i_{STS}} \cdot {r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (38)\end{matrix}$wherein:

-   -   Q denotes a spatial mapping matrix; and    -   [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrix element from an m-th row and an n-th        column.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case of spatialexpansion (e.g., i_(STS)=1), the EDMG preamble and data part of PPDUwaveform to be transmitted for the i_(TX)-th transmit chain may includea cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) , which may be configured, for example,to be dependent at least on the particular transmit chain number of thei_(TX)-th transmit chain to be used, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX)may be implemented to include a time shift, which may be, for example,defined in SC chip units, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX)may include a time shift, which may be defined, for example, in SC timeunits, for example, as (i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) may beconfigured as a predefined factor value, for example, N_(c) may be equalto 4 chips. For example, T_(c) may include a chip time duration. Inother embodiments, the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) may be defined inany other manner.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the EDMG preamble anddata part of the EDMG SU PPDU waveform for the i_(TX)-th transmit chainmay be determined based on the cyclic shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) , e.g., asfollows:

$\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data}}^{i_{STS} = 1}\left( {{n\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}} \right)} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & \begin{matrix}{{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/}}} \\\left( {T_{c}/N_{CB}} \right)\end{matrix} \\{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data}}^{i_{STS} = 1}\left( {{n\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}} \right)} - \left( {{N\left( \frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}} \right)} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & \begin{matrix}{n = {N - {T_{Sc}^{i_{TX}}/}}} \\{\left( {T_{c}/N_{CB}} \right),\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.} & (39)\end{matrix}$wherein:N=length(r_(EDMG-Pream, Data))

In some demonstrative embodiments, the TRN field

$r_{TRN}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)$of the EDMG SU PPDU shall be defined at the SC chip rate equal toN_(CB)×1.76 GHz, for example, per i_(TX)-th transmit chain, e.g., incompliance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a filtering procedure may be appliedto the EDMG preamble, the data part and/or the TRN field, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG preamble, data part, and TRNfield for the i_(TX)-th transmit chain may be defined, for example, asfollows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)} = {{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)}++}{r_{TRN}^{i_{TX}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} - t_{TRN}} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (40)\end{matrix}$wherein:t_(TRN)=t_(Data)+T_(Data) is a total duration of the EDMG-STF, EDMG-CEF,and data fields of the PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the EDMG preamble, data,and/or TRN field may be filtered and resampled, for example, with aconversion rate ratio of N_(up)/N_(CB), or any other conversation rateratio.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the resampling procedurefor the ratio N_(up)/N_(CB)=3/2 may be defined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)} = \left\{ {{{\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},3,{6\mspace{11mu}\ldots}} \\0 & {otherwise}\end{matrix}{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{K - 1}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {\left( {n - k} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}{h_{SCCB}(k)}}}},{n = 0},1,{{\ldots\;{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{2T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}} = {r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {\left( {{2n} + \frac{K - 1}{2}} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}},{n = 0},1,\ldots}\; \right.} & (41)\end{matrix}$wherein:K denotes a length of the filter h_(SCCB) in samples; and

${{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)} = 0},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} n} < {0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} n} \geq {{length}\mspace{14mu}\left( r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}} \right) \times 3}}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, the SC mode EDMG SU PPDU waveform forthe i_(TX)-th transmit chain may include, for example, a concatenationof the waveforms of the pre-EDMG and EDMG preamble, data, and TRNfields, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{PPDU}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = {{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} + {r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} - t_{TRN}} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (42)\end{matrix}$wherein:t_(TRN)=t_(Data)+T_(Data) is a total duration of the L-STF, L-CEF,L-Header, EDMG-Header-A, EDMG-STF, EDMG-CEF, and data fields of thePPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more parameters, which may beimplemented for the EDMG SU PPDU waveform, for example, the pulseshaping filter impulse response h_(SCCB) and/or the parameter N_(up) maybe, for example, implementation specific.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process an EDMG MU PPDUtransmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process an EDMG MUnon-Frequency Division Multiple Access (non-FDMA) PPDU transmission,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process a SC mode EDMGMU non-FDMA PPDU to be transmitted over a 2.16 GHz channel, a 4.32 GHzchannel, a 6.48 GHz channel, a 8.64 GHz channel, and/or any otherchannel, with multiple space-time streams (i_(STS)>1), for example, fortwo or more users (i_(user)>1), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a SC mode EDMG MU non-FDMA PPDU to betransmitted over a 2.16 GHz channel, a 4.32 GHz channel, a 6.48 GHzchannel, a 8.64 GHz channel, and/or any other channel, with multiplespace-time streams (i_(STS)>1), for example, for two or more users(i_(user)>1), may include a pre-EDMG part, e.g., including fields 202,204, 206, and/or 208 (FIG. 2 ), an EDMG preamble, e.g., including fields212 and/or 214 (FIG. 2 ), an EDMG Header B, e.g., EDMG heard B field 216(FIG. 2 ), a data part, e.g., data field 218 (FIG. 2 ), and a TRN field,e.g., TRN field 224 (FIG. 2 ). In some embodiments, the SC mode EDMG MUPPDU may include only some of these fields and/or one or more otherfields.

In other embodiments, the SC mode EDMG MU non-FDMA PPDU may include anyother additional or alternative fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a total number of transmit chainsN_(TX) may be maintained constant during transmission, for example, overthe different fields of the SC mode EDMG MU non-FDMA PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the pre-EDMG part of the EDMG MU PPDUmay be defined, for example, to include one or more of the modulatedfields, for example, as described above with respect to the EDMG SUPPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG preamble part, the EDMGHeader B, and the data part of the EDMG MU PPDU may be defined, forexample, for the i_(STS)-th space-time stream at the chip rateN_(CB)×1.76 GHz, e.g., wherein 1≤N_(CB)≤4 or any other factor, and mayinclude, for example, the following modulated fields:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data}}^{i_{STS}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)} = {{r_{{EDMG}\text{-}{STF}}^{i_{STS}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)} + {{{r_{{EDMG}\text{-}{CEF}}^{i_{STS}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} - t_{{EDMG}\text{-}{CEF}}} \right)}++}{r_{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B}^{i_{STS}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} - t_{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B}} \right)}} + {r_{Data}^{i_{STS}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} - t_{Data}} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{STS} \leq N_{STS}}} & (43)\end{matrix}$wherein:t_(EDMG-CEF)=T_(EDMG-STF) is a duration of the EDMG-STF field, e.g.,field 212 (FIG. 2 ), of the PPDU;t_(EDMG-Header-B)=t_(EDMG-CEF)+T_(EDMG-CEF) is a total duration of theEDMG-STF and EDMG-CEF, e.g., field 214 (FIG. 2 ), fields of the PPDU;andt_(Data)=t_(EDMG-CEF)+T_(EDMG-CEF) is a total duration of the EDMG-STF,EDMG-CEF, and EDMG-Header-B fields of the PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case of directmapping, indirect mapping, and/or digital beamforming, the EDMGpreamble, EDMG Header B, and data part waveform for the i_(TX)-thtransmit chain, may be defined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)}=={\lbrack Q\rbrack_{i_{TX},i_{STS}} \cdot {r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data}}^{i_{STS}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (44)\end{matrix}$wherein:

-   -   Q denotes a spatial mapping matrix; and    -   [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrix element from an m-th row and an n-th        column.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the TRN field

$r_{TRN}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{C}}{N_{CB}}} \right)$of the EDMG MU PPDU shall be defined at the SC chip rate equal toN_(CB)×1.76 GHz, for example, per i_(TX)-th transmit chain, e.g., incompliance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a filtering procedure may be appliedto the EDMG preamble, the EDMG Header B, the data part and/or the TRNfield, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG preamble, the EDMG Header B,the data part, and TRN field for the i_(TX)-th transmit chain may bedefined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)}=={{{r_{{{EDMG} - {Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} \right)}++}{r_{TRN}^{i_{TX}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{CB}}} - t_{TRN}} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (45)\end{matrix}$wherein:t_(TRN)=t_(Data)+T_(Data) is a total duration of the EDMG-STF, EDMG-CEF,EDMG-Header-B, and data fields of the PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the EDMG preamble, EDMGHeader B, the data field, and/or TRN field may be filtered andresampled, for example, with a conversion rate ratio of N_(up)/N_(CB),or any other conversation rate ratio.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the resampling procedurefor the ratio N_(up)/N_(CB)=3/2 may be defined, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)} = \left\{ {{{\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},3,{6\mspace{11mu}\ldots}} \\0 & {otherwise}\end{matrix}{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{K - 1}{{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{EDMG}\text{-}{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {\left( {n - k} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}{h_{SCCB}(k)}}}},{n = 0},1,{{\ldots{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{2T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}} = {r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {\left( {{2n} + \frac{K - 1}{2}} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)}},{n = 0},1,\ldots} \right.} & (46)\end{matrix}$wherein:K denotes a length of the filter h_(SCCB) in samples; and

${{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{3N_{CB}}} \right)} = 0},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} n} < {0\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} n} \geq {{length}\mspace{14mu}\left( r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}{(1)}} \right) \times 3.}}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, the SC mode EDMG MU PPDU waveform forthe i_(TX)-th transmit chain may include, for example, a concatenationof the waveforms of the pre-EDMG and EDMG preamble, EDMG Header B, data,and TRN fields, for example, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{r_{PPDU}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = {{{r_{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}++}{r_{{{EDMG}\text{-}{Pream}},{{Header}\text{-}B},{Data},{TRN}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {{n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} - t_{TRN}} \right)}}},{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} & (47)\end{matrix}$wherein:t_(TRN)=t_(Data)+T_(Data) is a total duration of the L-STF, L-CEF,L-Header, EDMG-Header-A, EDMG-STF, EDMG-CEF, EDMG-Header-B, and datafields of the PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more parameters, which may beimplemented for the EDMG MU PPDU waveform, for example, the pulseshaping filter impulse response h_(SCCB) and/or the parameter N_(up) maybe, for example, implementation specific.

Reference is made to FIG. 5 , which schematically illustrates a methodof communicating a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method ofFIG. 5 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, e.g.,system 100 (FIG. 1 ), for example, one or more wireless devices, e.g.,device 102 (FIG. 1 ), and/or device 140 (FIG. 1 ), a controller, e.g.,controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), a radio, e.g.,radio 114 (FIG. 1 ) and/or radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), and/or a messageprocessor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1 ).

As indicated at block 502, the method may include encoding a PSDU of atleast one user in an EDMG PPDU according to an EDMG LDPC encodingscheme, which is based at least on a count of one or more spatialstreams for transmission to the user. For example, controller 124 (FIG.1 ) may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control the wirelessstation implemented by device 102 (FIG. 1 ) to encode the PSDU of the atleast one user in the EDMG PPDU according to the EDMG LDPC encodingscheme, which is based at least on a count of one or more spatialstreams for transmission to the user, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 504, the method may include transmitting the EDMGPPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency bandabove 45 GHz. For example, controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 (FIG. 1 ) to transmit the EDMG PPDU in the transmission overthe channel bandwidth in the frequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., asdescribed above.

Reference is made to FIG. 6 , which schematically illustrates a methodof communicating a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method ofFIG. 6 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, e.g.,system 100 (FIG. 1 ), for example, one or more wireless devices, e.g.,device 102 (FIG. 1 ), and/or device 140 (FIG. 1 ), a controller, e.g.,controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), a radio, e.g.,radio 114 (FIG. 1 ) and/or radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), and/or a messageprocessor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1 ).

As indicated at block 602, the method may include generating an EDMG SCPPDU including at least pre-EDMG fields and a data field, the pre-EDMGfields including a L-STF, a L-CEF, a L-Header, and an EDMG-Header-A. Forexample, controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to cause, trigger,and/or control the wireless station implemented by device 102 (FIG. 1 )to generate the EDMG SC PPDU including at least the pre-EDMG fields andthe data field, for example, L-STF 202 (FIG. 2 ), L-CEF 204 (FIG. 2 ),L-Header 206 (FIG. 2 ), EDMG Header A 208 (FIG. 2 ) and/or data field218 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 604, the method may include generating one or morePPDU waveforms for the pre-EDMG and data fields, the one or more PPDUwaveforms for spatial mapping to one or more respective transmit chains,the spatial mapping including digital beamforming according to a spatialmapping matrix or spatial expansion according to a cyclic time shift.For example, controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to cause,trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented by device 102(FIG. 1 ) to generate the one or more PPDU waveforms for the pre-EDMGand data fields for spatial mapping to one or more respective transmitchains with the digital beamforming or the spatial expansion, e.g., asdescribed above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU waveform corresponding to atransmit chain of the one or more transmit chains is based on a transmitchain number of the transmit chain, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 606, the method may include transmitting the EDMGSC PPDU in a SC transmission via the one or more transmit chains over achannel bandwidth of at least 2.16 GHz in a frequency band above 45 GHz,wherein, for example, transmission of the EDMG SC PPDU via the transmitchain is based on the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain.For example, controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to cause,trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented by device 102(FIG. 1 ) to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU in the SC transmission via theone or more transmit chains over the channel bandwidth of the at least2.16 GHz in the frequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 7 , which schematically illustrates a productof manufacture 700, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.Product 700 may include one or more tangible computer-readable(“machine-readable”) non-transitory storage media 702, which may includecomputer-executable instructions, e.g., implemented by logic 704,operable to, when executed by at least one computer processor, enablethe at least one computer processor to implement one or more operationsat device 102 (FIG. 1 ), device 140 (FIG. 1 ), radio 114 (FIG. 1 ),radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter 148 (FIG. 1), receiver 116 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 146 (FIG. 1 ), message processor 128(FIG. 1 ), message processor 158 (FIG. 1 ), controller 124 (FIG. 1 ),and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), to cause device 102 (FIG. 1 ), device140 (FIG. 1 ), radio 114 (FIG. 1 ), radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter 118(FIG. 1 ), transmitter 148 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 116 (FIG. 1 ), receiver146 (FIG. 1 ), message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ), message processor 158(FIG. 1 ), controller 124 (FIG. 1 ), and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ) toperform, trigger and/or implement one or more operations and/orfunctionalities, and/or to perform, trigger and/or implement one or moreoperations and/or functionalities described with reference to the FIGS.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , and/or 6, and/or one or more operations describedherein. The phrases “non-transitory machine-readable medium” and“computer-readable non-transitory storage media” may be directed toinclude all machine and/or computer readable media, with the soleexception being a transitory propagating signal.

In some demonstrative embodiments, product 700 and/or machine readablestorage media 702 may include one or more types of computer-readablestorage media capable of storing data, including volatile memory,non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable ornon-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and the like. Forexample, machine readable storage media 402 may include, RAM, DRAM,Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM), SDRAM, static RAM (SRAM), ROM,programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electricallyerasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM), CompactDisk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), flash memory(e.g., NOR or NAND flash memory), content addressable memory (CAM),polymer memory, phase-change memory, ferroelectric memory,silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, a disk, a floppydisk, a hard drive, an optical disk, a magnetic disk, a card, a magneticcard, an optical card, a tape, a cassette, and the like. Thecomputer-readable storage media may include any suitable media involvedwith downloading or transferring a computer program from a remotecomputer to a requesting computer carried by data signals embodied in acarrier wave or other propagation medium through a communication link,e.g., a modem, radio or network connection.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 704 may include instructions,data, and/or code, which, if executed by a machine, may cause themachine to perform a method, process and/or operations as describedherein. The machine may include, for example, any suitable processingplatform, computing platform, computing device, processing device,computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like,and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware,software, firmware, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 704 may include, or may beimplemented as, software, a software module, an application, a program,a subroutine, instructions, an instruction set, computing code, words,values, symbols, and the like. The instructions may include any suitabletype of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code,executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Theinstructions may be implemented according to a predefined computerlanguage, manner or syntax, for instructing a processor to perform acertain function. The instructions may be implemented using any suitablehigh-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/orinterpreted programming language, such as C, C++, Java, BASIC, Matlab,Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and the like.

EXAMPLES

The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitryconfigured to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)station (STA) to encode a Physical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU)of at least one user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) accordingto an EDMG Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) encoding scheme, which isbased at least on a count of one or more spatial streams fortransmission to the user; and transmit the EDMG PPDU in a transmissionover a channel bandwidth in a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to encode thePSDU of the user according to a count of data pad zero bits for theuser, the count of data pad zero bits for the user is based on a numberof LDPC codewords for the user over the one or more spatial streams.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of Example 2, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generatescrambled PSDU bits for the user based on the PSDU for the user and thedata pad zero bits for the user, to generate an LDPC coded bit streamfor the user based on the scrambled PSDU bits for the user, and toconcatenate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user with coded pad zerobits for the user to provide an integer number of symbols, a count ofthe coded pad zero bits for the user is based on a count of symbols forthe user.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of Example 3, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of symbols for the user based on a count of coded bits persymbol for the user and a spatial stream of the one or more spatialstreams.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of Example 3 or 4, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to convert thescrambled PSDU for the user into a plurality of LDPC codewords accordingto a codeword length and a code rate, and to generate the LDPC coded bitstream by concatenating the plurality of LDPC codewords.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of Example 5, and optionally,wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of Example 5 or 6, and optionally,wherein the code rate is 7/8.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-7, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA toencode the PSDU for the user into an encoded data field over a pluralityof spatial streams for the user such that the encoded data field has asame length in each of the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-8, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA tomap the one or more spatial streams for the user to one or morespace-time streams.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-9, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-9, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality of user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 12 includes the subject matter of Example 11, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to align allof the plurality of user PPDUs in time.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of Example 12, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to align theuser PPDUs by padding one or more PSDUs in the MU PPDU.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 11-13, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU, determine amaximum number of SC symbol blocks over all users, and determine a countof pad SC symbol blocks for the user based on the maximum number of SCsymbol blocks and a count of SC symbol blocks for the user.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of Example 14, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of pad SC symbol blocks for the user by subtracting from themaximum number of SC symbol blocks the count of SC symbol blocks for theuser.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of Example 14 or 15, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA toupdate a number of coded pad zero bits for the user based on an updatedcount of SC symbol blocks for the user which is equal to the maximumnumber of SC symbol blocks.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 11-13, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiplexing (OFDM)

PPDU, determine a maximum number of OFDM symbols over all users, anddetermine a count of pad OFDM symbols for the user based on the maximumnumber of OFDM symbols and a count of OFDM symbols for the user.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of Example 17, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of pad OFDM symbols for the user by subtracting from themaximum number of OFDM symbols the count of OFDM symbols for the user.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of Example 17 or 18, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA toupdate a number of coded pad zero bits for the user based on an updatedcount of OFDM symbols for the user which is equal to the maximum numberof OFDM symbols.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-19, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU,the transmission comprising a SC transmission.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-19, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal FrequencyDivisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, the transmission comprising an OFDMtransmission.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-21, andoptionally, comprising a radio.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-22, andoptionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory and a processor.

Example 24 includes a system of wireless communication comprising anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA), the EDMGSTA comprising one or more antennas; a radio; a memory; a processor; anda controller configured to cause the EDMG STA to encode a Physical Layer(PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) of at least one user in an EDMG PHYProtocol Data Unit (PPDU) according to an EDMG Low-Density Parity-Check(LDPC) encoding scheme, which is based at least on a count of one ormore spatial streams for transmission to the user; and transmit the EDMGPPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency bandabove 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 25 includes the subject matter of Example 24, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to encode thePSDU of the user according to a count of data pad zero bits for theuser, the count of data pad zero bits for the user is based on a numberof LDPC codewords for the user over the one or more spatial streams.

Example 26 includes the subject matter of Example 25, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generatescrambled PSDU bits for the user based on the PSDU for the user and thedata pad zero bits for the user, to generate an LDPC coded bit streamfor the user based on the scrambled PSDU bits for the user, and toconcatenate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user with coded pad zerobits for the user to provide an integer number of symbols, a count ofthe coded pad zero bits for the user is based on a count of symbols forthe user.

Example 27 includes the subject matter of Example 26, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of symbols for the user based on a count of coded bits persymbol for the user and a spatial stream of the one or more spatialstreams.

Example 28 includes the subject matter of Example 26 or 27, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto convert the scrambled PSDU for the user into a plurality of LDPCcodewords according to a codeword length and a code rate, and togenerate the LDPC coded bit stream by concatenating the plurality ofLDPC codewords.

Example 29 includes the subject matter of Example 28, and optionally,wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248.

Example 30 includes the subject matter of Example 28 or 29, andoptionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8.

Example 31 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 24-30, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto encode the PSDU for the user into an encoded data field over aplurality of spatial streams for the user such that the encoded datafield has a same length in each of the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 24-31, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto map the one or more spatial streams for the user to one or morespace-time streams.

Example 33 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 24-32, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 34 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 24-32, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality of user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of Example 34, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to align allof the plurality of user PPDUs in time.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of Example 35, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to align theuser PPDUs by padding one or more PSDUs in the MU PPDU.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 34-36, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU, determine amaximum number of SC symbol blocks over all users, and determine a countof pad SC symbol blocks for the user based on the maximum number of SCsymbol blocks and a count of SC symbol blocks for the user.

Example 38 includes the subject matter of Example 37, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of pad SC symbol blocks for the user by subtracting from themaximum number of SC symbol blocks the count of SC symbol blocks for theuser.

Example 39 includes the subject matter of Example 37 or 38, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto update a number of coded pad zero bits for the user based on anupdated count of SC symbol blocks for the user which is equal to themaximum number of SC symbol blocks.

Example 40 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 34-36, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiplexing (OFDM)

PPDU, determine a maximum number of OFDM symbols over all users, anddetermine a count of pad OFDM symbols for the user based on the maximumnumber of OFDM symbols and a count of OFDM symbols for the user.

Example 41 includes the subject matter of Example 40, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of pad OFDM symbols for the user by subtracting from themaximum number of OFDM symbols the count of OFDM symbols for the user.

Example 42 includes the subject matter of Example 40 or 41, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto update a number of coded pad zero bits for the user based on anupdated count of OFDM symbols for the user which is equal to the maximumnumber of OFDM symbols.

Example 43 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 24-42, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU,the transmission comprising a SC transmission.

Example 44 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 24-42, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal FrequencyDivisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, the transmission comprising an OFDMtransmission.

Example 45 includes a method to be performed at an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA), the method comprising encodinga Physical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) of at least one user inan EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) according to an EDMG Low-DensityParity-Check (LDPC) encoding scheme, which is based at least on a countof one or more spatial streams for transmission to the user; andtransmitting the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth ina frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 46 includes the subject matter of Example 45, and optionally,comprising encoding the PSDU of the user according to a count of datapad zero bits for the user, the count of data pad zero bits for the useris based on a number of LDPC codewords for the user over the one or morespatial streams.

Example 47 includes the subject matter of Example 46, and optionally,comprising generating scrambled PSDU bits for the user based on the PSDUfor the user and the data pad zero bits for the user, generating an LDPCcoded bit stream for the user based on the scrambled PSDU bits for theuser, and concatenating the LDPC coded bit stream for the user withcoded pad zero bits for the user to provide an integer number ofsymbols, a count of the coded pad zero bits for the user is based on acount of symbols for the user.

Example 48 includes the subject matter of Example 47, and optionally,comprising determining the count of symbols for the user based on acount of coded bits per symbol for the user and a spatial stream of theone or more spatial streams.

Example 49 includes the subject matter of Example 47 or 48, andoptionally, comprising converting the scrambled PSDU for the user into aplurality of LDPC codewords according to a codeword length and a coderate, and generating the LDPC coded bit stream by concatenating theplurality of LDPC codewords.

Example 50 includes the subject matter of Example 49, and optionally,wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248.

Example 51 includes the subject matter of Example 49 or 50, andoptionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8.

Example 52 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 45-51, andoptionally, comprising encoding the PSDU for the user into an encodeddata field over a plurality of spatial streams for the user such thatthe encoded data field has a same length in each of the plurality ofspatial streams.

Example 53 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 45-52, andoptionally, comprising mapping the one or more spatial streams for theuser to one or more space-time streams.

Example 54 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 45-53, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 55 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 45-53, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality of user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 56 includes the subject matter of Example 55, and optionally,comprising aligning all of the plurality of user PPDUs in time.

Example 57 includes the subject matter of Example 56, and optionally,comprising aligning the user PPDUs by padding one or more PSDUs in theMU PPDU.

Example 58 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-57, andoptionally, comprising, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier(SC) PPDU, determining a maximum number of SC symbol blocks over allusers, and determining a count of pad SC symbol blocks for the userbased on the maximum number of SC symbol blocks and a count of SC symbolblocks for the user.

Example 59 includes the subject matter of Example 58, and optionally,comprising determining the count of pad SC symbol blocks for the user bysubtracting from the maximum number of SC symbol blocks the count of SCsymbol blocks for the user.

Example 60 includes the subject matter of Example 58 or 59, andoptionally, comprising updating a number of coded pad zero bits for theuser based on an updated count of SC symbol blocks for the user which isequal to the maximum number of SC symbol blocks.

Example 61 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 55-57, andoptionally, comprising, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an OrthogonalFrequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determining a maximumnumber of OFDM symbols over all users, and determining a count of padOFDM symbols for the user based on the maximum number of OFDM symbolsand a count of OFDM symbols for the user.

Example 62 includes the subject matter of Example 61, and optionally,comprising determining the count of pad OFDM symbols for the user bysubtracting from the maximum number of OFDM symbols the count of OFDMsymbols for the user.

Example 63 includes the subject matter of Example 61 or 62, andoptionally, comprising updating a number of coded pad zero bits for theuser based on an updated count of OFDM symbols for the user which isequal to the maximum number of OFDM symbols.

Example 64 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 45-63, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU,the transmission comprising a SC transmission.

Example 65 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 45-63, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal FrequencyDivisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, the transmission comprising an OFDMtransmission.

Example 66 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone processor, enable the at least one processor to cause an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA) to encode aPhysical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) of at least one user in anEDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) according to an EDMG Low-DensityParity-Check (LDPC) encoding scheme, which is based at least on a countof one or more spatial streams for transmission to the user; andtransmit the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in afrequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 67 includes the subject matter of Example 66, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to encodethe PSDU of the user according to a count of data pad zero bits for theuser, the count of data pad zero bits for the user is based on a numberof LDPC codewords for the user over the one or more spatial streams.

Example 68 includes the subject matter of Example 67, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to generatescrambled PSDU bits for the user based on the PSDU for the user and thedata pad zero bits for the user, to generate an LDPC coded bit streamfor the user based on the scrambled PSDU bits for the user, and toconcatenate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user with coded pad zerobits for the user to provide an integer number of symbols, a count ofthe coded pad zero bits for the user is based on a count of symbols forthe user.

Example 69 includes the subject matter of Example 68, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of symbols for the user based on a count of coded bits persymbol for the user and a spatial stream of the one or more spatialstreams.

Example 70 includes the subject matter of Example 68 or 69, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto convert the scrambled PSDU for the user into a plurality of LDPCcodewords according to a codeword length and a code rate, and togenerate the LDPC coded bit stream by concatenating the plurality ofLDPC codewords.

Example 71 includes the subject matter of Example 70, and optionally,wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248.

Example 72 includes the subject matter of Example 70 or 71, andoptionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8.

Example 73 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 66-72, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto encode the PSDU for the user into an encoded data field over aplurality of spatial streams for the user such that the encoded datafield has a same length in each of the plurality of spatial streams.

Example 74 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 66-73, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto map the one or more spatial streams for the user to one or morespace-time streams.

Example 75 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 66-74, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 76 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 66-74, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality of user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 77 includes the subject matter of Example 76, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to align allof the plurality of user PPDUs in time.

Example 78 includes the subject matter of Example 77, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to align theuser PPDUs by padding one or more PSDUs in the MU PPDU.

Example 79 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 76-78, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU, determine amaximum number of SC symbol blocks over all users, and determine a countof pad SC symbol blocks for the user based on the maximum number of SCsymbol blocks and a count of SC symbol blocks for the user.

Example 80 includes the subject matter of Example 79, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of pad SC symbol blocks for the user by subtracting from themaximum number of SC symbol blocks the count of SC symbol blocks for theuser.

Example 81 includes the subject matter of Example 79 or 80, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto update a number of coded pad zero bits for the user based on anupdated count of SC symbol blocks for the user which is equal to themaximum number of SC symbol blocks.

Example 82 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 76-78, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determine a maximum number of OFDM symbolsover all users, and determine a count of pad OFDM symbols for the userbased on the maximum number of OFDM symbols and a count of OFDM symbolsfor the user.

Example 83 includes the subject matter of Example 82, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of pad OFDM symbols for the user by subtracting from themaximum number of OFDM symbols the count of OFDM symbols for the user.

Example 84 includes the subject matter of Example 82 or 83, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto update a number of coded pad zero bits for the user based on anupdated count of OFDM symbols for the user which is equal to the maximumnumber of OFDM symbols.

Example 85 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 66-84, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU,the transmission comprising a SC transmission.

Example 86 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 66-84, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal FrequencyDivisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, the transmission comprising an OFDMtransmission.

Example 87 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA), theapparatus comprising means for encoding a Physical Layer (PHY) ServiceData Unit (PSDU) of at least one user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit(PPDU) according to an EDMG Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) encodingscheme, which is based at least on a count of one or more spatialstreams for transmission to the user; and means for transmitting theEDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency bandabove 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

Example 88 includes the subject matter of Example 87, and optionally,comprising means for encoding the PSDU of the user according to a countof data pad zero bits for the user, the count of data pad zero bits forthe user is based on a number of LDPC codewords for the user over theone or more spatial streams.

Example 89 includes the subject matter of Example 88, and optionally,comprising means for generating scrambled PSDU bits for the user basedon the PSDU for the user and the data pad zero bits for the user,generating an LDPC coded bit stream for the user based on the scrambledPSDU bits for the user, and concatenating the LDPC coded bit stream forthe user with coded pad zero bits for the user to provide an integernumber of symbols, a count of the coded pad zero bits for the user isbased on a count of symbols for the user.

Example 90 includes the subject matter of Example 89, and optionally,comprising means for determining the count of symbols for the user basedon a count of coded bits per symbol for the user and a spatial stream ofthe one or more spatial streams.

Example 91 includes the subject matter of Example 89 or 90, andoptionally, comprising means for converting the scrambled PSDU for theuser into a plurality of LDPC codewords according to a codeword lengthand a code rate, and generating the LDPC coded bit stream byconcatenating the plurality of LDPC codewords.

Example 92 includes the subject matter of Example 91, and optionally,wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248.

Example 93 includes the subject matter of Example 91 or 92, andoptionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8.

Example 94 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 87-93, andoptionally, comprising means for encoding the PSDU for the user into anencoded data field over a plurality of spatial streams for the user suchthat the encoded data field has a same length in each of the pluralityof spatial streams.

Example 95 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 87-94, andoptionally, comprising means for mapping the one or more spatial streamsfor the user to one or more space-time streams.

Example 96 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 87-95, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 97 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 87-95, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality of user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 98 includes the subject matter of Example 97, and optionally,comprising means for aligning all of the plurality of user PPDUs intime.

Example 99 includes the subject matter of Example 98, and optionally,comprising means for aligning the user PPDUs by padding one or morePSDUs in the MU PPDU.

Example 100 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 97-99,and optionally, comprising means for, when the EDMG PPDU comprises aSingle Carrier (SC) PPDU, determining a maximum number of SC symbolblocks over all users, and determining a count of pad SC symbol blocksfor the user based on the maximum number of SC symbol blocks and a countof SC symbol blocks for the user.

Example 101 includes the subject matter of Example 100, and optionally,comprising means for determining the count of pad SC symbol blocks forthe user by subtracting from the maximum number of SC symbol blocks thecount of SC symbol blocks for the user.

Example 102 includes the subject matter of Example 100 or 101, andoptionally, comprising means for updating a number of coded pad zerobits for the user based on an updated count of SC symbol blocks for theuser which is equal to the maximum number of SC symbol blocks.

Example 103 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 97-99,and optionally, comprising means for, when the EDMG PPDU comprises anOrthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determining amaximum number of OFDM symbols over all users, and determining a countof pad OFDM symbols for the user based on the maximum number of OFDMsymbols and a count of OFDM symbols for the user.

Example 104 includes the subject matter of Example 103, and optionally,comprising means for determining the count of pad OFDM symbols for theuser by subtracting from the maximum number of OFDM symbols the count ofOFDM symbols for the user.

Example 105 includes the subject matter of Example 103 or 104, andoptionally, comprising means for updating a number of coded pad zerobits for the user based on an updated count of OFDM symbols for the userwhich is equal to the maximum number of OFDM symbols.

Example 106 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 87-105,and optionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC)PPDU, the transmission comprising a SC transmission.

Example 107 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 87-105,and optionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal FrequencyDivisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, the transmission comprising an OFDMtransmission.

Example 108 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitryconfigured to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)station (STA) to generate an EDMG Single Carrier (SC) Physical Layer(PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) comprising at least pre-EDMG fields anda data field, the pre-EDMG fields comprising a non-EDMG Short TrainingField (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMGHeader (L-Header), and an EDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A); generate one ormore PPDU waveforms for the pre-EDMG and data fields, the one or morePPDU waveforms for spatial mapping to one or more respective transmitchains, the spatial mapping comprising digital beamforming according toa spatial mapping matrix or spatial expansion according to a cyclic timeshift, a PPDU waveform corresponding to a transmit chain of the one ormore transmit chains is based on a transmit chain number of the transmitchain; and transmit the EDMG SC PPDU in a SC transmission via the one ormore transmit chains over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 Gigahertz(GHz) in a frequency band above 45 GHz, transmission of the EDMG SC PPDUvia the transmit chain is based on the PPDU waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain.

Example 109 includes the subject matter of Example 108, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the digital beamforming accordingto the spatial mapping matrix, the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain is based on a matrix element of the spatial mappingmatrix, an index of the matrix element is based on the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 110 includes the subject matter of Example 109, and optionally,wherein the index of the matrix element comprises a row index of thespatial mapping matrix, the row index is equal to the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 111 includes the subject matter of Example 109 or 110, andoptionally, wherein the matrix element is in a row of the spatialmapping matrix having a row index equal to 1.

Example 112 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 109-111,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chainbased on the matrix element of the spatial mapping matrix as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, Qdenotes the spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrixelement from an m-th row and an n-th column.

Example 113 includes the subject matter of Example 108, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the spatial expansion according tothe cyclic time shift, the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain comprising the cyclic time shift of the pre-EDMG and data fields,the cyclic time shift is based on the transmit chain number of thetransmit chain.

Example 114 includes the subject matter of Example 113, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift comprises a cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i)^(TX) in SC chip units, wherein i_(TX) denotes the transmit chainnumber.

Example 115 includes the subject matter of Example 114, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) is(i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) denotes a factor value, and Tdenotes a SC chip time duration.

Example 116 includes the subject matter of Example 115, and optionally,wherein the factor value N_(c) is equal to 4.

Example 117 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 114-116,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chainby applying the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) to the pre-EDMG anddata fields as follows:

${r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}} \\{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}},\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.$

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration, and N=length(r_(pre-EDMG, Data))

Example 118 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-117,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to generate the EDMG SC PPDU comprising a training (TRN) field, andto generate the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain byconcatenating the pre-EDMG and data fields with the TRN field.

Example 119 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-118,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to up-sample and filter the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain.

Example 120 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-119,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz.

Example 121 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-119,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth comprising aplurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths.

Example 122 includes the subject matter of Example 121, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain to comprise anup-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chainduplicated, with time delay, over the plurality of 2.16 GHz channelbandwidths.

Example 123 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-122,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 124 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-122,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a Multi User (MU) PPDU to aplurality of users, the MU PPDU comprising another EDMG Header (EDMGHeader B) and an EDMG preamble.

Example 125 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-124,and optionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz,4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 126 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-125,and optionally, comprising a radio.

Example 127 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 108-126,and optionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory and aprocessor.

Example 128 includes a system of wireless communication comprising anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA), the EDMGSTA comprising one or more antennas; a radio; a memory; a processor; anda controller configured to cause the EDMG STA to generate an EDMG SingleCarrier (SC) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) comprisingat least pre-EDMG fields and a data field, the pre-EDMG fieldscomprising a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-EDMG ChannelEstimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header (L-Header), and an EDMGHeader (EDMG-Header-A); generate one or more PPDU waveforms for thepre-EDMG and data fields, the one or more PPDU waveforms for spatialmapping to one or more respective transmit chains, the spatial mappingcomprising digital beamforming according to a spatial mapping matrix orspatial expansion according to a cyclic time shift, a PPDU waveformcorresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chains isbased on a transmit chain number of the transmit chain; and transmit theEDMG SC PPDU in a SC transmission via the one or more transmit chainsover a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) in a frequencyband above 45 GHz, transmission of the EDMG SC PPDU via the transmitchain is based on the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain.

Example 129 includes the subject matter of Example 128, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the digital beamforming accordingto the spatial mapping matrix, the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain is based on a matrix element of the spatial mappingmatrix, an index of the matrix element is based on the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 130 includes the subject matter of Example 129, and optionally,wherein the index of the matrix element comprises a row index of thespatial mapping matrix, the row index is equal to the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 131 includes the subject matter of Example 129 or 130, andoptionally, wherein the matrix element is in a row of the spatialmapping matrix having a row index equal to 1.

Example 132 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 129-131,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chainbased on the matrix element of the spatial mapping matrix as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, Qdenotes the spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrixelement from an m-th row and an n-th column.

Example 133 includes the subject matter of Example 128, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the spatial expansion according tothe cyclic time shift, the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain comprising the cyclic time shift of the pre-EDMG and data fields,the cyclic time shift is based on the transmit chain number of thetransmit chain.

Example 134 includes the subject matter of Example 133, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift comprises a cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i)^(TX) in SC chip units, wherein i_(TX) denotes the transmit chainnumber.

Example 135 includes the subject matter of Example 134, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) is(i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) denotes a factor value, and T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration.

Example 136 includes the subject matter of Example 135, and optionally,wherein the factor value N_(c) is equal to 4.

Example 137 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 134-136,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chainby applying the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) to the pre-EDMG anddata fields as follows:

${r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}} \\{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}},\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.$

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration, and N=length(r_(pre-EDMG, Data)).

Example 138 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 128-137,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to generate the EDMG SC PPDU comprising a training (TRN) field, andto generate the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain byconcatenating the pre-EDMG and data fields with the TRN field.

Example 139 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 128-138,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to up-sample and filter the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain.

Example 140 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 128-139,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz.

Example 141 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 128-139,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth comprising aplurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths.

Example 142 includes the subject matter of Example 141, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain to comprise anup-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chainduplicated, with time delay, over the plurality of 2.16 GHz channelbandwidths.

Example 143 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 128-142,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 144 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 128-142,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a Multi User (MU) PPDU to aplurality of users, the MU PPDU comprising another EDMG Header (EDMGHeader B) and an EDMG preamble.

Example 145 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 128-144,and optionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz,4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 146 includes a method to be performed at an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA), the method comprisinggenerating an EDMG Single Carrier (SC) Physical Layer (PHY) ProtocolData Unit (PPDU) comprising at least pre-EDMG fields and a data field,the pre-EDMG fields comprising a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF),a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header(L-Header), and an EDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A); generating one or morePPDU waveforms for the pre-EDMG and data fields, the one or more PPDUwaveforms for spatial mapping to one or more respective transmit chains,the spatial mapping comprising digital beamforming according to aspatial mapping matrix or spatial expansion according to a cyclic timeshift, a PPDU waveform corresponding to a transmit chain of the one ormore transmit chains is based on a transmit chain number of the transmitchain; and transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU in a SC transmission via theone or more transmit chains over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16Gigahertz (GHz) in a frequency band above 45 GHz, transmission of theEDMG SC PPDU via the transmit chain is based on the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain.

Example 147 includes the subject matter of Example 146, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the digital beamforming accordingto the spatial mapping matrix, the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain is based on a matrix element of the spatial mappingmatrix, an index of the matrix element is based on the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 148 includes the subject matter of Example 147, and optionally,wherein the index of the matrix element comprises a row index of thespatial mapping matrix, the row index is equal to the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 149 includes the subject matter of Example 147 or 148, andoptionally, wherein the matrix element is in a row of the spatialmapping matrix having a row index equal to 1.

Example 150 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 147-149,and optionally, comprising determining the PPDU waveform correspondingto the transmit chain based on the matrix element of the spatial mappingmatrix as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))=[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, Qdenotes the spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrixelement from an m-th row and an n-th column.

Example 151 includes the subject matter of Example 146, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the spatial expansion according tothe cyclic time shift, the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain comprising the cyclic time shift of the pre-EDMG and data fields,the cyclic time shift is based on the transmit chain number of thetransmit chain.

Example 152 includes the subject matter of Example 151, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift comprises a cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i)^(TX) in SC chip units, wherein i_(TX) denotes the transmit chainnumber.

Example 153 includes the subject matter of Example 152, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) is(i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) denotes a factor value, and T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration.

Example 154 includes the subject matter of Example 153, and optionally,wherein the factor value N_(c) is equal to 4.

Example 155 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 152-154,and optionally, comprising determining the PPDU waveform correspondingto the transmit chain by applying the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i)^(TX) to the pre-EDMG and data fields as follows:

${r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}} \\{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}},\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.$

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration, and N=length(r_(pre-EDMG, Data)).

Example 156 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 146-155,and optionally, comprising generating the EDMG SC PPDU comprising atraining (TRN) field, and generating the PPDU waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain by concatenating the pre-EDMG and data fields withthe TRN field.

Example 157 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 146-156,and optionally, comprising up-sampling and filtering the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain.

Example 158 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 146-157,and optionally, comprising transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU over a channelbandwidth of 2.16 GHz.

Example 159 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 146-157,and optionally, comprising transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU over a channelbandwidth comprising a plurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths.

Example 160 includes the subject matter of Example 159, and optionally,comprising determining the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain to comprise an up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain duplicated, with time delay, over the plurality of2.16 GHz channel bandwidths.

Example 161 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 146-160,and optionally, comprising transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU as a singleUser (SU) PPDU.

Example 162 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 146-160,and optionally, comprising transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU as a Multi User(MU) PPDU to a plurality of users, the MU PPDU comprising another EDMGHeader (EDMG Header B) and an EDMG preamble.

Example 163 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 146-162,and optionally, comprising transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU over a channelbandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 164 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone processor, enable the at least one processor to cause an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA) to generate an EDMGSingle Carrier (SC) Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)comprising at least pre-EDMG fields and a data field, the pre-EDMGfields comprising a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-EDMGChannel Estimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header (L-Header), and anEDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A); generate one or more PPDU waveforms for thepre-EDMG and data fields, the one or more PPDU waveforms for spatialmapping to one or more respective transmit chains, the spatial mappingcomprising digital beamforming according to a spatial mapping matrix orspatial expansion according to a cyclic time shift, a PPDU waveformcorresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chains isbased on a transmit chain number of the transmit chain; and transmit theEDMG SC PPDU in a SC transmission via the one or more transmit chainsover a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) in a frequencyband above 45 GHz, transmission of the EDMG SC PPDU via the transmitchain is based on the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain.

Example 165 includes the subject matter of Example 164, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the digital beamforming accordingto the spatial mapping matrix, the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain is based on a matrix element of the spatial mappingmatrix, an index of the matrix element is based on the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 166 includes the subject matter of Example 165, and optionally,wherein the index of the matrix element comprises a row index of thespatial mapping matrix, the row index is equal to the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 167 includes the subject matter of Example 165 or 166, andoptionally, wherein the matrix element is in a row of the spatialmapping matrix having a row index equal to 1.

Example 168 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 165-167,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chainbased on the matrix element of the spatial mapping matrix as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))=[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, Qdenotes the spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrixelement from an m-th row and an n-th column.

Example 169 includes the subject matter of Example 164, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the spatial expansion according tothe cyclic time shift, the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain comprising the cyclic time shift of the pre-EDMG and data fields,the cyclic time shift is based on the transmit chain number of thetransmit chain.

Example 170 includes the subject matter of Example 169, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift comprises a cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i)^(TX) in SC chip units, wherein i_(TX) denotes the transmit chainnumber.

Example 171 includes the subject matter of Example 170, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) is(i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) denotes a factor value, and T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration.

Example 172 includes the subject matter of Example 171, and optionally,wherein the factor value N_(c) is equal to 4.

Example 173 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 170-172,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chainby applying the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) to the pre-EDMG anddata fields as follows:

${r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}} \\{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}},\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.$

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration, and N=length(r_(pre-EDMG, Data)).

Example 174 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 164-173,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to generate the EDMG SC PPDU comprising a training (TRN) field, andto generate the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain byconcatenating the pre-EDMG and data fields with the TRN field.

Example 175 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 164-174,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to up-sample and filter the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain.

Example 176 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 164-175,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz.

Example 177 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 164-175,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth comprising aplurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths.

Example 178 includes the subject matter of Example 177, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determinethe PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain to comprise anup-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chainduplicated, with time delay, over the plurality of 2.16 GHz channelbandwidths.

Example 179 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 164-178,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 180 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 164-178,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU as a Multi User (MU) PPDU to aplurality of users, the MU PPDU comprising another EDMG Header (EDMGHeader B) and an EDMG preamble.

Example 181 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 164-180,and optionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMGSTA to transmit the EDMG SC PPDU over a channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz,4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Example 182 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA), theapparatus comprising means for generating an EDMG Single Carrier (SC)Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) comprising at leastpre-EDMG fields and a data field, the pre-EDMG fields comprising anon-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel EstimationField (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header (L-Header), and an EDMG Header(EDMG-Header-A); means for generating one or more PPDU waveforms for thepre-EDMG and data fields, the one or more PPDU waveforms for spatialmapping to one or more respective transmit chains, the spatial mappingcomprising digital beamforming according to a spatial mapping matrix orspatial expansion according to a cyclic time shift, a PPDU waveformcorresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chains isbased on a transmit chain number of the transmit chain; and means fortransmitting the EDMG SC PPDU in a SC transmission via the one or moretransmit chains over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16 Gigahertz(GHz) in a frequency band above 45 GHz, transmission of the EDMG SC PPDUvia the transmit chain is based on the PPDU waveform corresponding tothe transmit chain.

Example 183 includes the subject matter of Example 182, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the digital beamforming accordingto the spatial mapping matrix, the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain is based on a matrix element of the spatial mappingmatrix, an index of the matrix element is based on the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 184 includes the subject matter of Example 183, and optionally,wherein the index of the matrix element comprises a row index of thespatial mapping matrix, the row index is equal to the transmit chainnumber of the transmit chain.

Example 185 includes the subject matter of Example 183 or 184, andoptionally, wherein the matrix element is in a row of the spatialmapping matrix having a row index equal to 1.

Example 186 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 183-185,and optionally, comprising means for determining the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain based on the matrix element of thespatial mapping matrix as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))=[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, Qdenotes the spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrixelement from an m-th row and an n-th column.

Example 187 includes the subject matter of Example 182, and optionally,wherein the spatial mapping comprises the spatial expansion according tothe cyclic time shift, the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain comprising the cyclic time shift of the pre-EDMG and data fields,the cyclic time shift is based on the transmit chain number of thetransmit chain.

Example 188 includes the subject matter of Example 187, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift comprises a cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i)^(TX) in SC chip units, wherein i_(TX) denotes the transmit chainnumber.

Example 189 includes the subject matter of Example 188, and optionally,wherein the cyclic time shift T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) is(i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein N_(c) denotes a factor value, and T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration.

Example 190 includes the subject matter of Example 189, and optionally,wherein the factor value N_(c) is equal to 4.

Example 191 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 188-190,and optionally, comprising means for determining the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain by applying the cyclic time shiftT_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) to the pre-EDMG and data fields as follows:

${r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}} \\{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - {T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}/T_{c}}}},\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.$

wherein N_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c)) denotes the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, T_(c)denotes a SC chip time duration, and N=length(r_(pre-EDMG, Data)).

Example 192 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 182-191,and optionally, comprising means for generating the EDMG SC PPDUcomprising a training (TRN) field, and generating the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain by concatenating the pre-EDMG anddata fields with the TRN field.

Example 193 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 182-192,and optionally, comprising means for up-sampling and filtering the PPDUwaveform corresponding to the transmit chain.

Example 194 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 182-193,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU overa channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz.

Example 195 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 182-193,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU overa channel bandwidth comprising a plurality of 2.16 GHz channelbandwidths.

Example 196 includes the subject matter of Example 195, and optionally,comprising means for determining the PPDU waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain to comprise an up-sampled and filtered waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain duplicated, with time delay, overthe plurality of 2.16 GHz channel bandwidths.

Example 197 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 182-196,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU as asingle User (SU) PPDU.

Example 198 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 182-196,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU as aMulti User (MU) PPDU to a plurality of users, the MU PPDU comprisinganother EDMG Header (EDMG Header B) and an EDMG preamble.

Example 199 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 182-198,and optionally, comprising means for transmitting the EDMG SC PPDU overa channel bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein withreference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may beutilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations,components and/or features described herein with reference to one ormore other embodiments, or vice versa.

While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, manymodifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur tothose skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that theappended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changesas fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a processor comprisinglogic and circuitry configured to cause an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station (STA) to:generate one or more Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)waveforms corresponding to one or more respective transmit chains fortransmission of an EDMG Single Carrier (SC) mode Single User (SU) PPDU,the one or more PPDU waveforms based on a spatial mapping of pre-EDMGfields and a data field of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU from a single spacetime stream to the one or more transmit chains, wherein a PPDU waveformcorresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chains isbased on a matrix element of a spatial mapping matrix, an index of thematrix element is based on a transmit chain number of the transmitchain, wherein the pre-EDMG fields comprise a non-EDMG Short TrainingField (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMGHeader (L-Header), and an EDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A); and transmit theEDMG SC mode SU PPDU via the one or more transmit chains over a channelbandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) based on the one or more PPDUwaveforms; and a memory to store information processed by the processor.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the index of the matrix elementcomprises a row index of the spatial mapping matrix, the row index isequal to the transmit chain number of the transmit chain.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the matrix element is in a column of thespatial mapping matrix having a column index equal to
 1. 4. Theapparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine thePPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:r _(pre-EDMG,Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c))=[Q]_(i) _(TX) _(,1) ·r_(pre-EDMG,Data)(nT _(c)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX)  (22) wherein N_(Tx)denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains, i_(TX) denotesthe transmit chain number, r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c))denotes the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain numberi_(TX), r_(pre-EDMG, Data)(nT_(c)) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields,Q denotes the spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]_(m,n) denotes a matrixelement from an m-th row and an n-th column.
 5. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the spatial mapping comprises spatial expansion with CyclicShift Diversity (CSD), the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmitchain comprising a cyclic shift based on the transmit chain number ofthe transmit chain.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the cyclicshift comprises a cyclic shift in SC chip units based on the transmitchain number.
 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the cyclic shift is(i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c), wherein t_(TX) denotes the transmit chainnumber, N_(c) denotes a factor value, and T_(c) denotes a chip timeduration.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the factor value N_(c) isequal to
 4. 9. The apparatus of claim 5 configured to cause the EDMG STAto determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain asfollows:${r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}^{i_{TX}}\left( {nT}_{c} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} + T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},1,\ldots\;,{N - 1 - \frac{T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}}{T_{c}}}} \\{{r_{{{pre}\text{-}{EDMG}},{Data}}\left( {{nT}_{c} - \left( {{NT}_{c} - T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}} \right)} \right)},} & {{n = {N - \frac{T_{SC}^{i_{TX}}}{T_{c}}}},\ldots\;,{N - 1}}\end{matrix},\mspace{20mu}{1 \leq i_{TX} \leq N_{TX}}} \right.$ whereinN_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains, i_(Tx)denotes the transmit chain number, r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) denotesthe PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain number i_(TX),r_(pre-EDMG, Data) denotes the pre-EDMG and data fields, T_(c) denotes achip time duration, T_(SC) ^(i) ^(TX) denotes the cyclic shift for thetransmit chain number i_(Tx), and N denotes a length of the pre-EDMG anddata fields.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMGSTA to generate the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chainbased on a Training (TRN) field of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 10 configured to cause the EDMG STA to generate thePPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:r _(EDMG) ^(i) ^(TX) ⁽¹⁾(nT _(c))=r _(pre-EDMG,DATA) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT_(c))+r _(TRN) ^(i) ^(TX) (nT _(c) −t _(TRN)),1≤i _(TX) ≤N _(TX) whereinN_(Tx) denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains, i_(Tx)denotes the transmit chain number, r_(pre-EDMG, Data) ^(i) ^(TX) denotesa waveform for the pre-EDMG and data fields, r_(TRN) ^(i) ^(TX) denotesa waveform for the TRN field, T_(c) denotes a chip time duration, andt_(TRN) is a total duration of the L-STF, L-CEF, L-Header,EDMG-Header-A, and data fields.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1 configuredto cause the EDMG STA to determine an up-sampled and filtered waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain by up-sampling and filtering thePPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain according to anup-sampling factor and a pulse-shaping filter impulse response, and totransmit the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU based on the up-sampled and filteredwaveform corresponding to the transmit chain.
 13. The apparatus of claim12 configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine the up-sampled andfiltered waveform as follows:${r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)} = \left\{ {{{\begin{matrix}{{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}{(1)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)},} & {{n = 0},N_{up},{2*N_{up}\mspace{14mu}\ldots}} \\0 & {otherwise}\end{matrix}{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{K - 1}{{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}{(2)}}\left( {\left( {n - k} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}{h_{SCCB}(k)}}}},{n = 0},1,{{\ldots{r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}}\left( {n\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}} = {r_{EDMG}^{i_{TX}{(3)}}\left( {\left( {n + \frac{K - 1}{2}} \right)\frac{T_{c}}{N_{up}}} \right)}},{n = 0},1,\ldots} \right.$wherein i_(TX) denotes the transmit chain number, r_(EDMG) ^(i) ^(TX)⁽¹⁾ denotes the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain,r_(EDMG) ^(i) ^(TX) denotes the up-sampled and filtered waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain, h_(SCCB) denotes the pulse-shapingfilter impulse response, T_(c) denotes a chip time duration, N_(up)denotes the up-sampling factor, and K denotes a length of h_(SCCB) insamples.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising a radio, the processorconfigured to cause the radio to transmit the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU. 15.The apparatus of claim 14 comprising one or more antennas connected tothe radio, and another processor to execute instructions of an operatingsystem.
 16. A product comprising one or more tangible computer-readablenon-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructionsoperable to, when executed by at least one processor, enable the atleast one processor to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG)(EDMG) wireless communication station (STA) to: generate one or morePhysical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) waveforms correspondingto one or more respective transmit chains for transmission of an EDMGSingle Carrier (SC) mode Single User (SU) PPDU, the one or more PPDUwaveforms based on a spatial mapping of pre-EDMG fields and a data fieldof the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU from a single space time stream to the oneor more transmit chains, wherein the spatial mapping comprises spatialexpansion with Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD), wherein a PPDU waveformcorresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chainscomprises a cyclic shift based on a transmit chain number of thetransmit chain, wherein the pre-EDMG fields comprise a non-EDMG ShortTraining Field (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF), anon-EDMG Header (L-Header), and an EDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A); andtransmit the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU via the one or more transmit chainsover a channel bandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) based on the one ormore PPDU waveforms.
 17. The product of claim 16, wherein the PPDUwaveform corresponding to the transmit chain is based on a matrixelement of a spatial mapping matrix, an index of the matrix element isbased on the transmit chain number of the transmit chain.
 18. Theproduct of claim 16, wherein the cyclic shift is (i_(TX)−1)×N_(c)×T_(c),wherein i_(Tx) denotes the transmit chain number, N_(c) denotes a factorvalue, and T_(c) denotes a chip time duration.
 19. The product of claim16, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA togenerate the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain based ona Training (TRN) field of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU.
 20. The product ofclaim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA todetermine an up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to thetransmit chain by up-sampling and filtering the PPDU waveformcorresponding to the transmit chain according to an up-sampling factorand a pulse-shaping filter impulse response, and to transmit the EDMG SCmode SU PPDU based on the up-sampled and filtered waveform correspondingto the transmit chain.
 21. An apparatus for an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station (STA), theapparatus comprising: means for generating one or more Physical Layer(PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) waveforms corresponding to one or morerespective transmit chains for transmission of an EDMG Single Carrier(SC) mode Single User (SU) PPDU, the one or more PPDU waveforms based ona spatial mapping of pre-EDMG fields and a data field of the EDMG SCmode SU PPDU from a single space time stream to the one or more transmitchains, wherein a PPDU waveform corresponding to a transmit chain of theone or more transmit chains is based on a matrix element of a spatialmapping matrix, an index of the matrix element is based on a transmitchain number of the transmit chain, wherein the pre-EDMG fields comprisea non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel EstimationField (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header (L-Header), and an EDMG Header(EDMG-Header-A); and means for causing the EDMG STA to transmit the EDMGSC mode SU PPDU via the one or more transmit chains over a channelbandwidth of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) based on the one or more PPDUwaveforms.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the spatial mappingcomprises spatial expansion with Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD), the PPDUwaveform corresponding to the transmit chain comprising a cyclic shiftbased on the transmit chain number of the transmit chain.